Abul kalam azad autobiography example

Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. Defend other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not to be fleecy with Azad Abul Kalam get to A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Al-Hussaini Azad ((listen^ⓘ); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian independence activist, penman and a senior leader show consideration for the Indian National Congress.

Followers India's independence, he became honourableness first Minister of Education grip the Indian government. He commission commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is knob honorific meaning 'Our Master' endure he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. Sovereignty contribution to establishing the instruction foundation in India is established by celebrating his birthday laugh National Education Day across India.^[2][3]

As a young man, Azad sane poetry in Urdu, as convulsion as treatises on religion squeeze philosophy.

He rose to notability through his work as a-one journalist, publishing works critical devotee the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian xenophobia. Azad became the leader expose the Khilafat Movement, during which he came into close technique with the Indian leader Authority Gandhi. After the failure lay into the Khilafat Movement, he became closer to the Congress.^[4] Azad became an enthusiastic supporter representative Gandhi's ideas of non-violent cosmopolitan disobedience, and worked to deal the non-co-operation movement in body of the 1919 Rowlatt Realization.

Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the cause near Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. Fall to pieces 1923, at an age submit 35, he became the youngest person to serve as blue blood the gentry President of the Indian Popular Congress.

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a partaker of foundation committee to vile Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.

P. without alluring help from British colonial administration. He assisted in shifting distinction campus of the university running away Aligarh to New Delhi interpolate 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the marketplace campus of the university go over named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha remit 1931, and emerged as lag of the most important popular leaders of the time, highly leading the causes of Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.

He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which justness Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together suitable the entire Congress leadership. Earth also worked for Hindu–Muslim unanimity through the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was born on 11 Nov 1888 in Mecca, then capital part of the Ottoman Hegemony, now a part of Arabian Arabia.

His real name was Sayyid Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed dispense with Khairuddin Al Hussaini, but earth eventually became known as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's forebears had come to India make the first move Herat. His father was topping Muslim scholar who lived top Delhi with his maternal old codger, as his father had mind-numbing at a very young age.^[7] During the Indian Rebellion carryon 1857, he left India endure settled in Mecca.

His dad Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Uninterested Hussaini wrote twelve books, esoteric thousands of disciples, and presumed noble ancestry,^[8] while his indolence was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, himself great reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that spread out even outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad still in Calcutta with his race in 1890.^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled and self-taught.^[11] Following loquaciousness in Arabic as a culminating language, Azad began to lord several other languages including Asiatic, Hindustani, Persian, and English.^[6] Bankruptcy was also trained in justness Madhabs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, opinion, world history, and science timorous tutors hired by his lineage.

An avid and determined aficionado, the precocious Azad was controlling a library, a reading allowance, and a debating society previously he was twelve; wanted figure up write on the life dominate Al-Ghazali at twelve; was contributory learned articles to Makhzan (a literary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was teaching a class of genre, most of whom were twice over his age, when he was fifteen; and completed the tacit course of study at position age of sixteen, nine eld ahead of his contemporaries, stream brought out a magazine maw the same age.^[13] At authority age of thirteen, he was married to a young Mohammedan girl, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an, the Hadis, and the guideline of Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours at an early age.

Clump 1899 at the age rot eleven he started publishing spruce up poetical journal Nairang-e-Aalam at Calcutta and was already an rewrite man of a weekly Al-Misbah speedy 1900.^[14] He contributed articles prefer Urdu magazines and journals specified as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, most important Khadang e Nazar.^[14]

In 1903, operate brought out a monthly record, Lissan-us-Sidq.

It was published amidst December 1903 to May 1905 until its closure due handle shortage of funds.^[15] He commit fraud joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic ecclesiastical journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] Take action worked as editor of Vakil, a newspaper from Amritsar disseminate April 1906 to November 1906.

He shifted to Calcutta send for a brief period where grace was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. Noteworthy returned to Amritsar after occasional months and resumed the editorship of Vakil, continuing to run away with there until July 1908.^[17]

Struggle funds Indian Independence

In 1908, he took a trip of Egypt, Syria, Turkey and France where prohibited came into contact with a few revolutionaries such as followers symbolize Kamal Mustafa Pasha, members imbursement Young Turk Movement and Persian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed political views considered radical for most Muslims of the time and became a full-fledged Indian nationalist.^[9] Bay his writing, Azad proved optimism be a fierce critic grow mouldy both the British government squeeze Muslim politicians; the former confirm its racial discrimination and choice to provide for the inevitably of the Indian public, countryside the later for focusing array communal issues before matter describe common-self interest (Azad pointedly uninvited the All-India Muslim League's public separatism).

However, his views discrepant considerably when he met ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists harvest Iraq^[19] and was influenced manage without their fervent anti-imperialism and Arabian nationalism.^[9] Against common Muslim short time of the time, Azad laggard the partition of Bengal gravel 1905 and became increasingly vigorous in revolutionary activities, to which he was introduced by honesty prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty.

Azad initially evoked surprise from nook revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by method secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, Province and Bombay (now called Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He established unsullied Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al-Hilal from Calcutta, beginning openly attacked British policies determine exploring the challenges facing usual people.

Espousing the ideals enterprise Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence take Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] With the appearance of World War I, say publicly British stiffened censorship and constraints on political activity.

Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act.^[21]

In 1913, he was founding member believe the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would get the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala branch oust the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1921. His work helped improve nobleness relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, which had back number soured by the controversy nearby the partition of Bengal refuse the issue of separate communalelectorates.

In this period Azad additionally became active in his dialectics for the Khilafat agitation separate protect the position of honourableness Sultan of Ottoman Turkey, who was considered the Caliph junior Khalifa for Muslims worldwide. Blue blood the gentry Sultan had sided against birth British in the war become peaceful the continuity of his supervise came under serious threat, behind distress amongst Muslim conservatives.

Azad saw an opportunity to brace Indian Muslims and achieve higher ranking political and social reform brush against the struggle.

Azad started systematic new journal, the Al-Balagh, which also got banned in 1916^[21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was arrested. The governments of authority Bombay Presidency, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi prohibited his admission into the provinces and Azad was moved to a top-security prison in Ranchi, where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920.^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon her highness release, Azad returned to dialect trig political atmosphere charged with responsiveness of outrage and rebellion intrude upon British rule.

The Indian warning sign had been angered by prestige passage of the Rowlatt Knowhow in 1919, which severely covert civil liberties and individual application. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and repeat publications banned. The killing methodical unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 Apr 1919 had provoked intense ravishment all over India, alienating escalate Indians, including long-time British catholic, from the authorities.

The Khilafat struggle had also peaked hear the defeat of the Pouf Empire in World War Crazed and the raging Turkish Fighting of Independence, which had bound the caliphate's position precarious. India's main political party, the Soldier National Congress came under picture leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who had aroused excitement all twist India when he led integrity farmers of Champaran and Kheda in a successful revolt blaspheme British authorities in 1918.

Statesman organised the people of nobility region and pioneered the break up of Satyagraha— combining mass civilian disobedience with complete non-violence roost self-reliance.

Taking charge of magnanimity Congress, Gandhi also reached overshadow to support the Khilafat encounter, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim federal divides.

Azad and the Prizefighter brothers – Maulana Mohammad Khalifah and Shaukat Ali – tenderly welcomed Congress support and began working together on a trade show of non-co-operation by asking transfix Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, honesty civil service, police and martial.

Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasised, while the embargo of foreign goods, especially garments were organised. Azad joined ethics Congress and was also select president of the All Bharat Khilafat Committee. Although Azad increase in intensity other leaders were soon seize, the movement drew out bomb of people in peaceful processions, strikes and protests.

This time marked a transformation in Azad's own life. Along with boy Khilafat leaders Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and leftovers, Azad grew personally close hinder Gandhi and his philosophy. Decency three men founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi introduce an institution of higher rearing managed entirely by Indians devoid of any British support or vacancy.

Both Azad and Gandhi corporate a deep passion for communion and Azad developed a cessation friendship with him. He adoptive the Islamic prophet Muhammad's text by living simply, rejecting question possessions and pleasures. Becoming intensely committed to ahimsa (non-violence) individual, Azad grew close to duplicate nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He strongly criticised the undying suspicion of the Congress surrounded by the Muslim intellectuals from integrity Aligarh Muslim University and rank Muslim League.

In 1921, crystal-clear started the weekly Paigham which was also banned by Dec 1921.^[23] He along with integrity editor of Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested by authority government^[24] and sentenced to work out year imprisonment.^[25]

During the course closing stages 1922, both the Khilafat essential the non cooperation movement freely permitted blow while Azad and alternative leaders like the Ali brothers were in jail.^[26] The drive had a sudden decline become clear to rising incidences of violence; a-ok nationalist mob killed 22 the long arm of the law in Chauri Chaura in 1922.

Fearing degeneration into violence, Statesman asked Indians to suspend prestige revolt and undertook a five-day fast to repent and endorse others to stop the putsch. Although the movement stopped be at war with over India, several Congress front rank and activists were disillusioned deal with Gandhi. By 1923, Ali brothers grew distant and critical bad deal Gandhi and the Congress.

Azad's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party, breaking diverge Gandhi's leadership. Despite the portion, Azad remained firmly committed have a break Gandhi's ideals and leadership.

In 1923, he became the youngest man to be elected Legislature president. Azad led efforts cut into organise the Flag Satyagraha meet Nagpur.

Azad served as gaffer of the 1924 Unity Word in Delhi, using his even to work to re-unite honesty Swarajists and the Khilafat marvellous under the common banner infer the Congress. In the period following the movement, Azad cosmopolitan across India, working extensively thicken promote Gandhi's vision, education deliver social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Working Council and in the offices check general secretary and president innumerable times. The political environment comport yourself India re-energised in 1928 be in keeping with nationalist outrage against the Singer Commission appointed to propose deep-seated reforms.

The commission included negation Indian members and did moan even consult Indian leaders folk tale experts. In response, the Hearing and other political parties fit a commission under Motilal Statesman to propose constitutional reforms outlander Indian opinions. In 1928, Azad endorsed the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Khalifah brothers and Muslim League lawmaker Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Azad ex officio the ending of separate electorates based on religion, and named for an independent India confess be committed to secularism. File the 1928 Congress session check Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's run for dominion status for Bharat within a year. If crowd together granted, the Congress would start begin again the goal of complete partisan independence for India.

Despite fulfil affinity for Gandhi, Azad too drew close to the teenaged radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru talented Subhash Bose, who had criticised the delay in demanding congested independence. Azad developed a initiate friendship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the system to fight inequality, poverty viewpoint other national challenges.

Azad settled the name of Muslim factional party Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. He was further a friend of Syed Realization Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder epitome All India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Statesman embarked on the Dandi Sodium chloride March that inaugurated the Spice Satyagraha in 1930, Azad unionized and led the nationalist robbery, albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest class salt tax and restriction be unable to find its production and sale.

Interpretation biggest nationalist upheaval in practised decade, Azad was imprisoned cutting edge with millions of people, predominant would frequently be jailed superior 1930 to 1934 for big periods of time. Following glory Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931, Azad was amongst millions of national prisoners released.

When elections were called under the Government director India Act 1935, Azad was appointed to organise the Relation election campaign, raising funds, electing candidates and organising volunteers trip rallies across India.^[22] Azad abstruse criticised the Act for as well as a high proportion of un-elected members in the central lawmakers, and did not himself match a seat.

He again declined to contest elections in 1937, and helped head the party's efforts to organise elections coupled with preserve co-ordination and unity in the thick of the Congress governments elected fashionable different provinces.^[22]

At the 1936 Legislature session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a dispute parley Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr.

Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari with respect to the espousal of socialism monkey the Congress goal. Azad locked away backed the election of Solon as Congress president, and verified the resolution endorsing socialism. Space doing so, he aligned partner Congress socialists like Nehru, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election compromise 1937, at the consternation bring in many conservative Congressmen.

Azad trim dialogue with Jinnah and picture Muslim League between 1935 tell 1937 over a Congress-League coalescence and broader political co-operation. Reproduce inclined to brand the Confederacy as obstructive, Azad nevertheless coupled the Congress's vehement rejection get a hold Jinnah's demand that the Coalition be seen exclusively as ethics representative of Indian Muslims.

Quit India Movement

Main article: Quit Bharat Movement

In 1938, Azad served similarly an intermediary between the custom of and the Congress feeling led by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi need not launching another rebellion contradict the British and sought go down with move the Congress away implant Gandhi's leadership.

Azad stood in and out of Gandhi with most other Legislature leaders, but reluctantly endorsed honourableness Congress's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the grouping of India in World Hostilities II. Nationalists were infuriated rove Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war outdoors consulting national leaders.

Although cooperative to support the British energy in return for independence, Azad sided with Gandhi when character British ignored the Congress method. Azad's criticism of Jinnah with the addition of the League intensified as Statesman called Congress rule in significance provinces as "Hindu Raj", occupation the resignation of the Copulation ministries as a "Day vacation Deliverance" for Muslims.

Jinnah highest the League's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims. Muslim religious and political dazzling criticised Azad as being in addition close to the Congress see placing politics before Muslim welfare.^[22] As the Muslim League adoptive a resolution calling for span separate Muslim state (Pakistan) gauzy its session in Lahore bring to fruition 1940, Azad was elected Meeting president in its session link with Ramgarh.

Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve dialect trig united India, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of fellowship and nationhood.

In his statesmanlike address, Azad said:

" Replete eleven centuries have passed alongside since then. Islam has consequential as great a claim safety test the soil of India gorilla Hinduism. If Hinduism has bent the religion of the hand out here for several thousands bring into play years, Islam also has anachronistic their religion for a party years.

Just as a Hindustani can say with pride defer he is an Indian wallet follows Hinduism, so also miracle can say with equal selfesteem that we are Indians extra follow Islam. I shall mature this orbit still further. Say publicly Indian Christian is equally advantaged to say with pride renounce he is an Indian service is following a religion submit India, namely Christianity."^[22]

In face weekend away increasing popular disenchantment with greatness British across India, Gandhi jaunt Patel advocated an all-out mutiny demanding immediate independence.

Azad was wary and sceptical of excellence idea, aware that India's Muslims were increasingly looking to Statesman and had supported the fighting. Feeling that a struggle would not force a British be off, Azad and Nehru warned defer such a campaign would intersect India and make the conflict situation even more precarious. Thorough-going and emotional debates took bloomer between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi slab Patel in the Congress Action Committee's meetings in May limit June 1942.

In the wrap up, Azad became convinced that crucial action in one form order about another had to be expressionless, as the Congress had halt provide leadership to India's pass around and would lose its standard if it did not.

Supporting the call for the Brits to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands of people give back rallies across the nation willing prepare for a definitive, straining struggle.

As Congress president, Azad travelled across India and reduce with local and provincial Relation leaders and grass-roots activists, performance speeches and planning the insurgence. Despite their previous differences, Azad worked closely with Patel contemporary Dr. Rajendra Prasad to construct the rebellion as effective primate possible.

On 7 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank block Mumbai, Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with a boisterous speech exhorting Indians into contingency. Just two days later, rectitude British arrested Azad and decency entire Congress leadership. While Solon was incarcerated at the Agha Khan Palace in Pune, Azad and the Congress Working Conference were imprisoned at a defence in Ahmednagar, where they would remain under isolation and colourful security for nearly four geezerhood.

Outside news and communication difficult been largely prohibited and wholly censored. Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation, Azad suggest his companions attested to soft spot a deep satisfaction at acceptance done their duty to their country and people.^[27]

Azad occupied ethics time playing bridge and substitute as the referee in sport matches played by his colleagues.

In the early mornings, Azad began working on his characteristic Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Division daily chores, Azad also unrestricted the Persian and Urdu languages, as well as Indian advocate world history to several look up to his companions. The leaders would generally avoid talking of machination, unwilling to cause any analysis that could exacerbate the suffering of their imprisonment.

However, carry on year on 26 January, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, the privileged would gather to remember their cause and pray together. Azad, Nehru and Patel would in short speak about the nation gift the future. Azad and Statesman proposed an initiative to construct an agreement with the Land in 1943.

Arguing that representation rebellion had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should disorder to negotiate with the Country and call for the rejection of disobedience if the Land agreed to transfer power. Conj albeit his proposal was overwhelmingly unwelcome, Azad and a few blankness agreed that Gandhi and picture Congress had not done skimpy.

When they learnt of Solon holding talks with Jinnah now Mumbai in 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive queue ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With the bring to an end of the war, the Island agreed to transfer power display Indian hands. All political prisoners were released in 1946 extremity Azad led the Congress rework the elections for the different Constituent Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution.

Smartness headed the delegation to cover-up with the British Cabinet Put forward, in his sixth year in that Congress president. While attacking Jinnah's demand for Pakistan and nobleness mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partitionment of India, Azad became simple strong proponent of the mission's earlier proposal of 16 Hawthorn.

The proposal advocated a northerner system with a limited chief government and autonomy for integrity provinces. The central government would have Defence, Foreign Affairs gift Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government. Further, the proposal called for leadership "grouping" of provinces on holy lines, which would informally stripe together the Muslim-majority provinces the same the West as Group Ungraceful, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal forward Assam as Group C impressive the rest of India in that Group A.

While Gandhi nearby others expressed scepticism of that clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's demand for Pakistan would pull up buried and the concerns decompose the Muslim community would do an impression of assuaged.^[29] Under Azad and Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Working Convention approved the resolution against Gandhi's advice.

Azad also managed have got to win Jinnah's agreement to primacy proposal citing the greater worthy of all Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad confidential been the Congress president by reason of 1939, so he volunteered pay homage to resign in 1946. He nominative Nehru, who replaced him by the same token Congress president and led authority Congress into the interim make.

Azad was appointed to belief the Department of Education. Still, Jinnah's Direct Action Day rebellion for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked communal violence pay India. Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled band Bengal and Bihar to cool the tensions and heal kindred between Muslims and Hindus. In defiance of Azad's call for Hindu-Muslim integrity, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered dinky coalition with the Congress wear December, but continued to blacklist the constituent assembly.

Later smudge his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition better the Muslim League, largely unjust to the League's not co-operating with the Congress in class provisional government on any issue.^[7]

Azad had grown increasingly hostile examination Jinnah, who had described him as the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Moslem League politicians accused Azad devotee allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically dominated by excellence Hindu community.

Azad continued cast off your inhibitions proclaim his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am proud of actuality an Indian. I am section of the indivisible unity saunter is Indian nationality. I better indispensable to this noble shop and without me this gorgeous structure is incomplete. I squeeze an essential element, which has gone to build India.

Rabid can never surrender this claim."

Amidst more incidences of violence implement early 1947, the Congress-League amalgamation struggled to function. The native land of Bengal and Punjab were to be partitioned on spiritual-minded lines, and on 3 June 1947 the British announced cool proposal to partition India gesticulate religious lines, with the kinglike states free to choose mid either dominion.

The proposal was hotly debated in the Go backwards India Congress Committee, with Moslem leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Caravansary Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing crazy opposition. Azad privately discussed magnanimity proposal with Gandhi, Patel ray Nehru, but despite his objection was unable to deny rectitude popularity of the League come to rest the unworkability of any unification with the League.

Faced tally up the serious possibility of neat as a pin civil war, Azad abstained running away voting on the resolution, outstanding silent and not speaking near here the AICC session, which eventually approved the plan.^[33]

Azad, committed brave a united India until wreath last attempt, was condemned toddler the advocates of Pakistan, particularly the Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's breaking up and independence on 15 Respected 1947 brought with it clean up scourge of violence that lighthearted the Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, City and many other parts disturb India.

Millions of Hindus person in charge Sikhs fled the newly composed Pakistan for India, and produce of Muslims fled for Westbound Pakistan and East Pakistan, authored out of East Bengal. Might claimed the lives of initiative estimated one million people, partly entirely in Punjab. Azad took up responsibility for the refuge of Muslims in India, hang around affected areas in Bengal, Province, Assam and the Punjab, lesson the organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security.

Azad gave speeches to large crowds advantageous peace and calm in nobility border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to endure in India and not trepidation for their safety and cover. Focusing on bringing the ready money of Delhi back to at peace, Azad organised security and ease efforts, but was drawn have some bearing on a dispute with the Reserve prime minister and Home Parson Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when be active demanded the dismissal of Delhi's police commissioner, who was clean Sikh accused by Muslims be bought overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued that interpretation commissioner was not biased, elitist if his dismissal was constrained it would provoke anger amidst Hindus and Sikhs and split up the city police.

In Administration meetings and discussions with Statesman, Patel and Azad clashed shelter security issues in Delhi give orders to Punjab, as well as significance allocation of resources for console and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad and Nehru's proposal to kept back the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India forsaken by the violence.^[35] Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment reach any religious community, while Azad remained anxious to assure dignity rehabilitation of Muslims in Bharat, secularism, religious freedom and unity affinity for all Indians.

He spare provisions for Muslim citizens tip off make avail of Muslim characteristic law in courts.^[36]

Azad remained uncomplicated close confidante, supporter and consultant to prime minister Nehru, accept played an important role staging framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college rendering and spreading the enrolment flaxen children and young adults reply schools, to promote universal principal education.

He was elected theorist the lower house of influence Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha in 1952 from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In 1957 Significant re-contested Rampur and also dually contested the Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat in Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where he won on both seats. Gurgaon had a fearsome Muslim Meo population making vitality a safe seat for Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's socialist reduced and industrial policies, as on top form as the advancing social frank and economic opportunities for cohort and underprivileged Indians. In 1956, he served as president type the UNESCO General Conference kept in Delhi. Azad spent nobleness final years of his character focusing on writing his publication India Wins Freedom, an assiduous account of India's freedom expend energy and its leaders.

About 30 of the pages of that book were published about 30 years after Azad's death thwart 1988 as per his indication wish.^[37]

As India's first Minister look upon Education, he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls. As Chairman of the Main Advisory Board of Education, closure gave thrust to adult literacy, universal primary education, free challenging compulsory for all children annoy to the age of 14, girl's education, and diversification be in command of secondary education and vocational training.^[38] Addressing the conference on Shout India Education on 16 Jan 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We should not for a moment lacking discretion, it is a birthright footnote every individual to receive pressurize least the basic education stay away from which he cannot fully let out his duties as a citizen.

He oversaw the setting nowin situation of the Central Institute shambles Education, Delhi, which later became the Department of Education regard the University of Delhi owing to "a research centre for resolution new educational problems of magnanimity country".^[39] Under his leadership, leadership Ministry of Education established probity first Indian Institute of Field in 1951 and the Academia Grants Commission in 1953.,^[40][41] Soil also laid emphasis on goodness development of the Indian Society of Science, Bangalore and say publicly Faculty of Technology of magnanimity Delhi University.^[42] He foresaw far-out great future in the IITs for India:^[42]

I have no unarguable that the establishment of that Institute will form a orientate in the progress of more technological education and research put back the country.

Literary works

Azad wrote multitudinous books including India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies of Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is one all-round the most important works conclusion Azad, written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort enfold Maharashtra by British Raj greatest extent he was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over justness meeting of All India Session Working Committee.^[34]

The book is in substance a collection of 24 writing book he wrote addressing his seal friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Caravanserai Sherwani.

These letters were on no occasion sent to him because in attendance was no permission for turn this way during the imprisonment and afterwards the release in 1946, bankruptcy gave all these letters guard his friend Ajmal Khan who let it published for class first time in 1946.

Although the book is a group of letters but except tiptoe or two letters, all overturn letters are unique and chief of the letters deal pertain to complex issues such as put up of God,^[43] the origin confiscate religions, the origin of descant and its place in dogma, etc.

The book is generally an Urdu language book; but, there are over five tot up of couplets, mostly in Iranian and Arabic languages. It go over the main points because, Maulana was born explain a family where Arabic weather Persian were used more many a time than Urdu. He was indigene in Mekkah, given formal nurture in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never unskilled Urdu.

It is often aforesaid that his book India Bombshells Freedom is about his state life and Ghubar-e-Khatir deals narrow his social and spiritual life.^[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry of Schooldays Affairs of the central Control of India set up justness Maulana Azad Education Foundation smother 1989 on the occasion invoke his birth centenary to stopper education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society.^[45] The Sacred calling also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship, guidebook integrated five-year fellowship in distinction form of financial assistance constitute students from minority communities with reference to pursue higher studies such makeover M.Phil.

and PhD^[46] In 1992 government of India honoured outdo giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions across India have also antiquated named in his honour. A variety of of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in Fresh Delhi, the Maulana Azad Municipal Institute of Technology in Bhopal, the Maulana Azad National Sanskrit University in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Community Education (MACESE Delhi University), interpretation Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Continent Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, staging Kolkata, Maulana Azad College funding Engineering and Technology in Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate Thumb.

7), Jamia Millia Islamia, Top-notch Central (Minority) University in Creative Delhi, the Maulana Azad work in the Aligarh Muslim Order of the day in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. His dwelling-place housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier, and is now goodness Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] The Not public Education Day, an annual ceremony in India to commemorate nobility birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first tutelage minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until his death on 22 February 1958.

The National Training Day of India is eminent on 11 November every epoch in India.^[49]

He is celebrated introduction one of the founders presentday greatest patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's tomb deference located next to the Jama Masjid in Delhi. In just out years great concern has archaic expressed by many in Bharat over the poor maintenance remind you of the tomb.^[34] On 16 Nov 2005 the Delhi High Deference ordered that the tomb run through Maulana Azad in New Metropolis be renovated and restored similarly a major national monument.

Azad's tomb is a major turning-point and receives large numbers be bought visitors annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Nehru referred curb him as Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a very dare and gallant gentleman, a ended product of the culture make certain, in these days, pertains turn into few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by counting him as "a person of the calibre oppress Plato, Aristotle and Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical skin, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A television series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired on DD Internal in the 1990s and asterisked Mangal Dhillon in the phone up role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Exchange Tak, a docudrama television tilt by Lavlin Thadani based bedlam his life and political vocation, with Aamir Bashir portraying primacy role of Azad.

It was later shortened and re-released likewise the film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad, a 2019 vignette film about Azad was headed by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay obtain Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.^[55]

His birthday, 11 November is famous as National Education Day pointed India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps released by Bharat Post (by year) -

• 1966

• 1988

• 2015

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links