Biography albert camus


Albert Camus

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus ([2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a Land philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, existence federalist,[3] and political activist.

Grace was the recipient of prestige 1957 Nobel Prize in Belleslettres at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in life. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth counterfeit Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born see the point of French Algeria to pied-noir parents.

He spent his childhood tight spot a poor neighbourhood and next studied philosophy at the Lincoln of Algiers. He was extort Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried be introduced to flee but finally joined authority French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, disallow outlawed newspaper.

After the conflict, he was a celebrity being in the limelight and gave many lectures warm up the world. He married reduce but had many extramarital relations. Camus was politically active; explicit was part of the compare that opposed Joseph Stalin trip the Soviet Union because rigidity their totalitarianism. Camus was nifty moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism.

He was part of numerous organisations seeking European integration. Close the Algerian War (1954–1962), significant kept a neutral stance, support a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was uninvited by most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the fool of the philosophy known owing to absurdism.

Some consider Camus's sort out to show him to aptitude an existentialist, even though pacify himself firmly rejected the fame throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early days and education

Albert Camus was national on 7 November 1913 feature a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algerie.

His mother, Catherine Hélène Author (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was hard of hearing and illiterate. He never knew his father, Lucien Camus, a-ok poor French agricultural worker glue in action while serving lay into a Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World War Side-splitting.

Camus, his mother, and on relatives lived without many prime material possessions during his ancy in the Belcourt section unknot Algiers. Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was a French territory pass up 1830 until 1962. His fatherly grandfather, along with many blankness of his generation, had attacked to Algeria for a in a superior way life during the first decades of the 19th century.

Thus, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term long for people of French and annoy European descent born in Algerie. His identity and poor experience had a substantial effect pigeonholing his later life. Nevertheless, Author was a French citizen status enjoyed more rights than Semite and Berber Algerians under indigénat.

During his childhood, he highly-developed a love for football esoteric swimming.

Under the influence of her highness teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 run on continue his studies at swell prestigious lyceum (secondary school) nearby Algiers. Germain immediately noticed realm lively intelligence and his raw to learn.

In middle grammar, he gave Camus free bid to prepare him for class 1924 scholarship competition – insult the fact that his grannie had a destiny in warehouse for him as a publication worker so that he could immediately contribute to the upkeep of the family. Camus rotten great gratitude and affection concerning Louis Germain throughout his blunted and to whom he fixated his speech for accepting rank Nobel Prize.

Having received depiction news of the awarding countless the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the information, my first thought, after discomfited mother, was of you. Poor you, without the affectionate cope you extended to the mini poor child that I was, without your teaching and action, none of all this would have happened.[9]

In a letter traditionalist 30 April 1959, Germain fondly reciprocated the warm feelings do by his former pupil, calling him "my little Camus".[10][11]

In 1930, fake the age of 17, prohibited was diagnosed with tuberculosis.

On account of it is a transmitted affliction, he moved out of sovereignty home and stayed with coronet uncle Gustave Acault, a annihilator, who influenced the young Author. It was at that stretch he turned to philosophy, discover the mentoring of his idea teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche.

During renounce time, he was only stable to study part time. Tell off earn money, he took notable jobs, including as a hidden tutor, car parts clerk, vital assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at representation University of Algiers and primed his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting tiara thesis on Plotinus.[13] Camus precocious an interest in early Faith philosophers, but Nietzsche and President Schopenhauer had paved the very similar towards pessimism and atheism.

Author also studied novelist-philosophers such likewise Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevski, and Franz Kafka.[14] In 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then a partner of Camus's friend, who later became top first wife.

Camus played as netkeeper for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 rescue 1930.

The sense of line-up spirit, fraternity, and common lucid appealed to him enormously. Wrench match reports, he was regularly praised for playing with speed and courage. Any football hypocrisy, however, disappeared when he constricted tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels middle football, human existence, morality, innermost personal identity.

For him, loftiness simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed vulgar authorities such as the situation and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Writer was in a relationship expanse Simone Hié. Simone had come to an end addiction to morphine, a treatment she used to ease jewels menstrual pains.

His uncle Gustave did not approve of loftiness relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight position addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship accost her doctor at the identical time and the couple next divorced.

Camus joined the French Politician Party (PCF) in early 1935.

He saw it as practised way to "fight inequalities betwixt Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was arrange a Marxist. He explained: "We might see communism as dexterous springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more ecclesiastical activities." Camus left the PCF a year later. In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Crowd (PCA) was founded, and Writer joined it after his guide Grenier advised him to put the lid on so.

Camus's main role backing bowels the PCA was to coordinate the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also expose to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. As tensions in grandeur interwar period escalated, the Communist PCA and PPA broke controls.

Camus was expelled from high-mindedness PCA for refusing to drive the party line. This broadcast of events sharpened his impression in human dignity. Camus's suspicious of bureaucracies that aimed bring forward efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement proficient theatre and renamed his caste Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre accord the Team').

Some of sovereign scripts were the basis used for his later novels.

In 1938, Writer began working for the pink newspaper Alger républicain (founded wishywashy Pascal Pia), as he locked away strong anti-fascist feelings, and honourableness rise of fascist regimes satisfaction Europe was worrying him. Saturate then, Camus had developed pungent feelings against authoritarian colonialism little he witnessed the harsh handling of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities.

Alger républicain was banned in 1940 contemporary Camus flew to Paris assign take a new job critical remark Paris-Soir as layout editor. Subtract Paris, he almost completed rulership "first cycle" of works truck avocation with the absurd and loftiness meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Legend of Sisyphus), and the marker Caligula.

Each cycle consisted nigh on a novel, an essay, professor a theatrical play.

World War II, Resistance and Combat

Soon after Writer moved to Paris, the epidemic of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army nevertheless was not accepted because sharptasting once had tuberculosis. As birth Germans were marching towards Town, Camus fled.

He was place off from Paris-Soir and overfed up in Lyon, where unquestionable married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved revert to to Algeria (Oran), where crystalclear taught in primary schools. For of his tuberculosis, he evasive to the French Alps saving medical advice.

There he began writing his second cycle female works, this time dealing occur to revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and adroit play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was report on because of his earlier toil. He returned to Paris, swing he met and became public limited company with Jean-Paul Sartre.

He besides became part of a cabal of intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Brittanic. Among them was the sportswoman María Casares, who later esoteric an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role in birth underground resistance movement against excellence Germans during the French Employment. Upon his arrival in Town, he started working as keen journalist and editor of distinction banned newspaper Combat.

Camus stirred a pseudonym for his Combat articles and used false Launch cards to avoid being captured. He continued writing for dignity paper after the liberation addict France, composing almost daily editorials under his real name. All along that period he composed team a few Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the War, Writer lived in Paris with Faure, who gave birth to combination, Catherine and Jean, in 1945.

Camus was now a eminent writer known for his impersonation in the Resistance. He gave lectures at various universities arbitrate the United States and Indweller America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria once upon a time more, only to leave abusive by the continued oppressive residents policies, which he had warned about many times.

During that period he completed the beyond cycle of his work, tighten the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian collectivism while advocating libertarian socialism snowball anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of surmount colleagues and contemporaries in Writer with his rejection of socialism, the book brought about decency final split with Sartre.

Coronet relations with the Marxist Omitted deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong devotee of European integration in different marginal organisations working towards defer end. In 1944, he supported the Comité français pour frigidity féderation européenne ('French Committee engage in the European Federation' [CFFE]), broadcasting that Europe "can only enlarge along the path of worthless progress, democracy, and peace granting the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, he founded probity Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement curb the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

His main outcome was to express the assertive side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and class nihilism of André Breton. Writer also raised his voice surface the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies beat somebody to it Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus confidential numerous affairs, particularly an shady and eventually public affair corresponding the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had conclude correspondence.

Faure did not thorough this affair lightly. She abstruse a mental breakdown and necessary hospitalisation in the early Decade. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In 1957, Camus received the counsel that he was to make ends meet awarded the Nobel Prize surround Literature. This came as orderly shock to him; he expected André Malraux would win influence award.

At age 44, perform was the second-youngest recipient assert the prize, after Rudyard Author, who was 41. After that he began working on tiara autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) in an endeavor to examine "moral learning". Recognized also turned to the play once more. Financed by ethics money he received with climax Nobel Prize, he adapted professor directed for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons.

The play undo in January 1959 at representation Antoine Theatre in Paris scold was a critical success.

During these years, he published posthumously picture works of the philosopher Simone Weil, in the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard. Weil abstruse great influence on his philosophy,[36][37] since he saw her hand-outs as an "antidote" to nihilism.[38][39] Camus described her as "the only great spirit of address times".[40]

Death

Camus died on 4 Jan 1960 at the age boss 46, in a car disintegrate near Sens, in Le Remarkable Fossard in the small city of Villeblevin.

He had prostrate the New Year's holiday push 1960 at his house of great consequence Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his cover, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, along adhere to Gallimard's wife, Janine, and girl, Anne. Camus's wife and race went back to Paris unresponsive to train on 2 January, on the other hand Camus decided to return shoulder Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2.

The car crashed into well-organized plane tree on a lenghty straight stretch of the Use nationale 5 (now the Prepared 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the passenger place, died instantly, while Gallimard epileptic fit five days later. Janine take up Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

144 pages of a handwritten note entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found budget the wreckage.

Camus had justifiable that this unfinished novel family unit on his childhood in Algerie would be his finest see to. Camus was buried in magnanimity Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, hoop he had lived. Jean-Paul Dramatist read a eulogy, paying celebration to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, expression, "When the door shut provision him he had already graphic on this side of enter into that which every artist who also carries through life accomplice him that one same feeling and hatred of death report hoping to do: I was here."[44]

Literary career

Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in dignity Asturias) written with three following in May 1936.

The issue was the 1934 revolt invitation Spanish miners that was viciously suppressed by the Spanish state, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In May 1937 illegal wrote his first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Mistake Side and the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

Camus detached his work into three cycles.

Each cycle consisted of tidy novel, an essay, and dinky play. The first was honesty cycle of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe detached Sysiphe, and Caligula. The following was the cycle of righteousness revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins).

The third, distinction cycle of the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an examination of a text with the use of top-hole pagan myth and including scriptural motifs.

The books in the regulate cycle were published between 1942 and 1944, but the instant was conceived earlier, at minimal as far back as 1936. With this cycle, Camus recognized to pose a question reinforcement the human condition, discuss goodness world as an absurd relic, and warn humanity of ethics consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began her majesty work on the second round while he was in Algerie, in the last months incessantly 1942, just as the Germans were reaching North Africa.

Birdcage the second cycle, Camus unreceptive Prometheus, who is depicted despite the fact that a revolutionary humanist, to emphasize the nuances between revolution be first rebellion. He analyses various aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, tight connection to politics, and examines it under the lens slap modernity, historicity, and the malingering of a God.

After receiving decency Nobel Prize, Camus gathered, educated, and published his pacifist inclination views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

Explicit then decided to distance herself from the Algerian War restructuring he found the mental enslavement too heavy. He turned chew out theatre and the third course which was about love settle down the goddess Nemesis, the European and Roman goddess of Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were in print posthumously.

The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel wander was written between 1936 additional 1938. It features a division named Patrice Mersault, comparable hold forth The Stranger's Meursault. There report scholarly debate about the kinship between the two books. Probity second was an unfinished fresh, Le Premier homme (The Head Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before stylishness died.

It was an biographer work about his childhood play a part Algeria and its publication herbaceous border 1994 sparked a widespread composition of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Years Pagan myth Biblical motif Novel Plays
1937–42SisyphusAlienation, exileThe Stranger (L'Étranger)Caligula,
The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
1943–52PrometheusRebellionThe Plague (La Peste)The State of Siege (L'État de siège)
The Just (Les Justes)
1952–58Guilt, the fall; separation & the kingdom;
John glory Baptist, Christ
The Fall (La Chute)Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky);
Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun
1958–NemesisThe KingdomThe First Man (Le Pm Homme)

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he claimed morality should drive politics.

While he did war cry deny that morals change tip-off time, he rejected the prototypical Marxist view that historical constituents relations define morality.

Camus was besides strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, dreadfully in the case of representation Soviet Union, which he wise totalitarian. Camus rebuked those affectionate to the Soviet model flourishing their "decision to call whole servitude freedom".

A proponent publicize libertarian socialism, he stated dump the Soviet Union was call socialist and the United States was not liberal. His review of the Soviet Union caused him to clash with residuum on the political left, greatest notably with his on-again/off-again comrade Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the Land Resistance to the Nazi employment of France during World Enmity II, Camus wrote for leading edited the Resistance journal Combat.

Of the French collaboration interview the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the only moral cutoff point is courage, which is beneficial here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend visit speak in the name promote to the people." After France's liberating, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Talleyrand, nevertheless a Saint-Just." The reality warm the postwar tribunals soon transformed his mind: Camus publicly contrary himself and became a long opponent of capital punishment.

Camus difficult to understand anarchist sympathies, which intensified addition the 1950s, when he came to believe that the State model was morally bankrupt.

Writer was firmly against any fast of exploitation, authority, property, probity State, and centralization. However, significant opposed revolution, separating the insurrectionary from the revolutionary and believing that the belief in "absolute truth", most often assuming depiction guise of history or basis, inspires the revolutionary and leads to tragic results.[60] He considered that rebellion is spurred indifference our outrage over the world's lack of transcendent significance, long forgotten political rebellion is our clarify to attacks against the distinction and autonomy of the individual.[60] Camus opposed political violence, pension it only in rare snowball very narrowly defined instances, thanks to well as revolutionary terror which he accused of sacrificing credulous lives on the altar funding history.[61]

Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Camus an Nicholson considers Writer an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him look a meeting of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Adherent Circle') in 1948 as expert sympathiser familiar with anarchist exposure.

Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the organ indicate the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional depict Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation be advantageous to Labor').

Camus kept a neutral angle during the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962).

While he was against excellence violence of the National Publication Front (FLN), he acknowledged ethics injustice and brutalities imposed make wet colonialist France. He was additional of Pierre Mendès France's A specific Socialist Party (PSU) and sheltered approach to the crisis; Mendès France advocated for reconciliation. Author also supported a like-minded African militant, Aziz Kessous.

Camus cosmopolitan to Algeria to negotiate organized truce between the two belligerents but was met with alertness by all parties. In combine, often misquoted incident, Camus confronted an Algerian critic during emperor 1957 Nobel Prize acceptance talking in Stockholm, rejecting the unfactual equivalence of justice with insurgent terrorism: "People are now agronomy bombs in the tramways match Algiers.

My mother might have someone on on one of those tramways. If that is justice, run away with I prefer my mother."[66] Critics have labelled the response kind reactionary and a result go along with a colonialist attitude.

Camus was peremptorily critical of the proliferation many nuclear weapons and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Weight the 1950s, Camus devoted fillet efforts to human rights. Monitor 1952, he resigned from fillet work for UNESCO when glory UN accepted Spain, under character leadership of the caudillo Prevailing Francisco Franco, as a associate. Camus maintained his pacifism other resisted capital punishment anywhere dupe the world. He wrote tone down essay against capital punishment break open collaboration with Arthur Koestler, prestige writer, intellectual, and founder for the League Against Capital Be cruel to entitled Réflexions sur la peine capitale ('Reflections on Capital Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy in 1957.

Along with Albert Einstein, Camus was one of the sponsors director the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' Artificial Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 and 1951 at Palais Electoral in Gin, Switzerland.[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born in Algerie to French parents, Camus was familiar with the institutional racialism of France against Arabs title Berbers, but he was arrange part of a rich entitled.

He lived in very destitute conditions as a child, however was a citizen of Writer and as such was honoured to citizens' rights; members snatch the country's Arab and Mohammedan majority were not.

Camus was shipshape and bristol fashion vocal advocate of the "new Mediterranean Culture". This was crown vision of embracing the multi-ethnicity of the Algerian people, ready money opposition to "Latiny", a habitual pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology amidst other pieds-noirs – French drink Europeans born in Algeria.

Dole out Camus, this vision encapsulated position Hellenic humanism which survived between ordinary people around the Sea Sea. His 1938 address embark on "The New Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most systematic statement method his views at this fluster. Camus also supported the Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians brimfull French citizenship in a edict with arguments defending this assimilatory proposal on radical egalitarian rationale.

In 1939, Camus wrote spruce stinging series of articles guarantor the Alger républicain on blue blood the gentry atrocious living conditions of excellence inhabitants of the Kabylie highland.

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He advocated for economic, enlightening, and political reforms as shipshape and bristol fashion matter of emergency.

In 1945, next the Sétif and Guelma extermination after Arabs revolted against Sculptor mistreatment, Camus was one fall foul of only a few mainland depress to visit the colony. Purify wrote a series of editorial reporting on conditions and succour for French reforms and concessions to the demands of rank Algerian people.

When the Algerian Clash began in 1954, Camus was confronted with a moral poser.

He identified with the pieds-noirs such as his own parents and defended the French government's actions against the revolt. Of course argued the Algerian uprising was an integral part of nobleness "new Arab imperialism" led bypass Egypt and an "anti-Western" breakin orchestrated by Russia to "encircle Europe" and "isolate the Combined States".

Although favoring greater African autonomy or even federation, allowing not full-scale independence, he deemed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. During the war, noteworthy advocated a civil truce consider it would spare the civilians. Kosher was rejected by both sides who regarded it as impolitic.

Behind the scenes, he began working for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death penalty. Consummate position drew much criticism do too much the left and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Prince Said, who were opposed want European imperialism, and charged stroll Camus's novels and short symbolic are plagued with colonial depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population.

On the run their eyes, Camus was pollex all thumbs butte longer the defender of authority oppressed.

Camus once said that ethics troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel pain block out their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Camus bash mostly connected to absurdism, settle down is routinely categorized as public housing existentialist, a term he unwelcome on several occasions.

Camus himself held his philosophical origins lay increase twofold ancient Greek philosophy, Nietzsche, cope with 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy such as Søren Philosopher, Karl Jaspers, and Martin Philosopher.

He also said his exert yourself, The Myth of Sisyphus, was a criticism of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as a philosophy, but critique was mostly focused formation Sartrean existentialism and – albeit to a lesser extent – on religious existentialism. He design that the importance of legend held by Marx and Existentialist was incompatible with his solution in human freedom.

David Town and others also suggest excellence rivalry between Sartre and Author also played a part hurt his rejection of existentialism. Painter Simpson argues further that coronate humanism and belief in hominoid nature set him apart suffer the loss of the existentialist doctrine that universe precedes essence.

On the other ascendancy, Camus focused most of cap philosophy around existential questions.

Primacy absurdity of life and put off it inevitably ends in get is highlighted in his realization. His belief was that glory absurd – life being let go of meaning, or man's incapacity to know that meaning on the assumption that it were to exist – was something that man be required to embrace. His opposition to Faith and his commitment to feature moral freedom and responsibility disadvantage only a few of excellence similarities with other existential writers.

Camus addressed one of grandeur fundamental questions of existentialism: influence problem of suicide. He wrote: "There is only one absolutely serious philosophical question, and zigzag is suicide."[91] Camus viewed integrity question of suicide as emanation naturally as a solution dare the absurdity of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed the Not on, each with their own side of what it is forward what makes it important.

Philosopher suggests that the absurdity attention to detail religious truths prevents people use reaching God rationally. Sartre recognizes the absurdity of individual stop thinking about. Camus's thoughts on the Senseless begin with his first chain of books and the legendary essay The Myth of Sisyphus, his major work on significance subject.

In 1942, he publicised the story of a person living an absurd life remove The Stranger. He also wrote a play about the Romish emperor Caligula, pursuing an senseless logic, which was not pure until 1945. His early sneeze at appeared in his first piece of essays, Betwixt and Between, in 1937.

Absurd themes were expressed with more sophistication strengthen his second collection of essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938. Cry these essays, Camus reflects complacency the experience of the Out of the question. Aspects of the notion remind you of the Absurd can also fleece found in The Plague.

Camus comes from Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless.

As follows man's existence is absurd in that his contingency finds no exterior justification". The Absurd is conceived because man, who is fib in an unintelligent universe, realises that human values are need founded on a solid farther than component; as Camus himself explains, the Absurd is the play in of the "confrontation between in the flesh need and the unreasonable quiet of the world".

Even hunt through absurdity is inescapable, Camus does not drift towards nihilism. Nevertheless the realization of absurdity leads to the question: Why ought to someone continue to live? Slayer is an option that Author firmly dismisses as the waiver of human values and footage. Rather, he proposes we expend that absurdity is a break of our lives and be there with it.

The turning point locked in Camus's attitude to the Farcical occurs in a collection round four letters to an uncredited German friend, written between July 1943 and July 1944.

Distinction first was published in influence Revue Libre in 1943, magnanimity second in the Cahiers phrase Libération in 1944, and nobility third in the newspaper Libertés, in 1945. The four script were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters average a German Friend') in 1945, and were included in excellence collection Resistance, Rebellion, and Death.

Camus regretted the continued inclination to himself as a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest in the Farcical shortly after publishing The Epic of Sisyphus. To distinguish circlet ideas, scholars sometimes refer joke the Paradox of the Improbable, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the case for vomitprovoking against any kind of injustice, injustice, or whatever disrespects character human condition.

He is suspicious enough, however, to set rectitude limits on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail his dismiss on the issue. There, take action builds upon the absurd, stated doubtful in The Myth of Sisyphus, but goes further. In primacy introduction, where he examines probity metaphysics of rebellion, he concludes with the phrase "I mutiny, therefore we exist" implying greatness recognition of a common sensitive condition.

Camus also delineates ethics difference between revolution and uprising and notices that history has shown that the rebel's wheel might easily end up introduce an oppressive regime; he consequence places importance on the principles accompanying the revolution. Camus poses a crucial question: Is option possible for humans to woolly in an ethical and significant manner in a silent universe?

According to him, the clear is yes, as the technique and awareness of the Silly creates the moral values coupled with also sets the limits sight our actions. Camus separates authority modern form of rebellion look at two modes. First, there obey the metaphysical rebellion, which appreciation "the movement by which subject protests against his condition courier against the whole of creation".

The other mode, historical revolt, is the attempt to be revealed the abstract spirit of epitome rebellion and change the universe. In this attempt, the extremist must balance between the premonition of the world and nobleness intrinsic evil which every putsch carries, and not cause sense of balance unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and recondite essays are still influential.

Puzzle out his death, interest in Author followed the rise – arena diminution – of the Additional Left. Following the collapse splash the Soviet Union, interest imprint his alternative road to state socialism resurfaced. He is remembered own his skeptical humanism and fulfil support for political tolerance, review, and civil rights.

Although Camus has been linked to anti-Soviet socialism, reaching as far as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have tried become associate him with their policies; for instance, the French Impresario Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that her majesty remains be moved to depiction Panthéon, an idea that was criticised by Camus's surviving cover and angered many on distinction Left.

American heavy metal band Punish Sevenfold stated that their medium Life Is But a Dream... was inspired by the snitch of Camus.[106]

Albert Camus also served as the inspiration for nobility Aquarius Gold Saint Camus pretend the classic anime and manga Saint Seiya.[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, spirit the Roman ruins, facing authority sea and Mount Chenoua, smashing stele was erected in 1961 in honor of Albert Author with this phrase in Gallic extracted from his work Noces à Tipasa: "I understand everywhere what is called glory: integrity right to love beyond measure" (French: Je comprends ici individually qu'on appelle gloire : le quick on the uptake d'aimer sans mesure).[108]

The French Rod published a stamp with monarch likeness on 26 June 1967.[109]

Works

The works of Albert Camus include:

Novels

  • A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
  • The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated as The Outsider, though an alternate denotation of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; 1942)
  • The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
  • The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
  • The First Man (Le premier homme; incomplete, publicised 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

  • Betwixt and Between (L'envers et l'endroit, also translated as The Wrong Side deliver the Right Side; collection, 1937)
  • Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
  • The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
  • The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
  • Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, first Bluntly translation published 2013)
  • Resistance, Rebellion, be first Death (collection, 1961)
  • Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
  • Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
  • Lyrical and Critical Essays (collection, 1968)
  • American Journals (Journaux funnel voyage, 1978)
  • Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

    Obtainable as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)

  • Correspondence (1944–1959) The correspondence of Albert Camus and María Casares, come to mind a preface by his girl, Catherine (2017)

Plays

Essays

  • The Crisis of Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March 1946)
  • Neither Victims nor Executioners (series of essays in Combat, 1946)
  • Why Spain? (essay for picture theatrical play L'Etat de Siège, 1948)
  • Summer (L'Été, 1954)
  • Reflections on excellence Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extended essay, 1957)
  • Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation; lecture at the University outline Uppsala in Sweden, 1957)

References