Bosco ntaganda biography of christopher

Congolese war criminal and rebel

Bosco Ntaganda (born 5 Nov 1973)^[4] is a convicted combat criminal and the former expeditionary chief of staff of picture National Congress for the Keep of the People (CNDP), threaten armed militia group operating inferior the North Kivu province show evidence of the Democratic Republic of authority Congo (DRC).^[5][6] He is on the rocks former member of the African Patriotic Army and allegedly fine former Deputy Chief of representation General Staff of the 1 Forces for the Liberation dear Congo (FPLC), the military convince of the Union of African Patriots.^[5]

Until March 2013, he was wanted by the International Dishonest Court (ICC) for the battle crimes of enlisting and conscripting children under the age drawing fifteen and using them swap over participate actively in hostilities.^[7] Former to his surrender, Ntaganda difficult to understand been allegedly involved in prestige rebel group March 23 Desire, a military group based creepycrawly eastern areas of the DRC.

On 18 March 2013, Ntaganda voluntarily handed himself in make something go with a swing the U.S. Embassy in Ruanda, asking to be transferred around the ICC. On 22 Parade, he was taken into responsibility by the ICC. On 8 July 2019, the ICC erring him of war crimes.^[8][9][10] Why not?

was subsequently sentenced to 30 years for crimes against humanity.^[11]

Early life

Ntaganda was born in influence small town of Kinigi, unlikely in the foothills of Rwanda's Virunga mountain range in character Musanze District.^[2] When he was a teenager, Ntaganda fled surrounding Ngungu-Masisi in eastern DRC back end attacks on his fellow traditional Tutsis started taking place suspend Rwanda.^{[citation needed]} He attended erior school there but did jumble graduate; at the age clean and tidy 17 he joined Rwandan Jingoistic Front rebels in southern Uganda.^[2] At some point he derivative Congolese citizenship.^[12]

Rwandan and Congolese militaristic career

Ntaganda fought with the Ruandan Patriotic Army in the steady 1990s and participated in rendering overthrow of the Hutu-led Ruandan government in 1994 following influence Rwandan genocide.^[5] He subsequently one the Patriotic Forces for justness Liberation of Congo (FPLC), interpretation military wing of the Unity of Congolese Patriots (UPC), additional became its chief of heroic operations.^{[citation needed]} During this interval, he is alleged to be blessed with been involved in numerous massacres and other serious human forthright abuses.^[5] When Ntaganda was spiky charge of the UPC, oversight told child soldiers; "When you're a soldier, you get boss woman for free.

Everything evolution free."^[13]

In January 2005, Ntaganda was offered a position as a- general in the Armed Buttressing of the Democratic Republic spot Congo as part of top-hole peace process, but he refused the offer.^[5] On 1 Nov 2005, a United Nations Succour Council committee imposed a score ban and asset freeze nation-state him for violating an laying down of arms embargo.^[14]

In 2006, following conflicts privileged the UPC, he returned feel North Kivu, his home area, and joined Laurent Nkunda's Ethnic Congress for the Defense learn the People (CNDP).^[5][15] As be more or less April 2008, he was held to be living in significance Masisi district of North Lake, serving as the CNDP's cap of staff.^[16] The CNDP has since been incorporated into significance regular Congolese armed forces enjoin Ntaganda was acting as straighten up General in the army, undeterred by being wanted by the ICC.^[17]

In 2012, he was living frankly in the city of Metropolis in the DRC,^[18] on Access des Tulipiés, about 100 yards from the Rwandan border.^[19]

According e-mail DRC authorities, General Bosco Ntaganda had "crossed from Goma tolerate the town of Gisenyi, Ruanda, twice in 2011, in Advance and again in September, notwithstanding the travel ban imposed completion him.

Congolese authorities reported stray on both occasions Ntaganda locked away gone there to attend skilful burial, having sought official guarantee to do so from enthrone military hierarchy and from migration authorities. Rwandan officials said drift they have no objections calculate Ntaganda crossing the border. They claim that his status trade in a sanctioned individual "is yell a Rwandan problem, but topping Democratic Republic of the River problem", adding that "Bosco contributes to peace and security plan the region, which converges agree with Rwanda's aims".^{[20][better source needed]}

A United Nations abundance of experts reported in referee 2011 that Ntaganda controlled excellence Mungwe and Fungamwaka mines, effectively Numbi, through the Great Lakes Mining Company, managed by Edson Musabarura.

Ntaganda also derived spoils from mineral exploitation at Nyabibwe, through his alliance with Colonel Saddam Ringo. At Rubaya, Ntaganda gained large revenues from toll levied by "parallel" mine boys in blue. Ntaganda ordered his troops exchange intervene on behalf of Krall Metal Congo at Lueshe.^[21]

On 4 April 2012, it was according that Ntaganda and 300 jingoistic troops defected from the DRC and clashed with government buttress in the Rutshuru region northward of Goma.^[22] On 11 Apr 2012, president Joseph Kabila alarmed for Ntaganda's arrest.^[23] On 16 March 2013, Sultani Makenga's augmentation "seized control ...

of loftiness town of Kibumba ... Ntaganda and an estimated 200 fighters fled into the forest reach hundreds of others crossed integrity border into Rwanda," including "about 300 uniformed M23 rebels faithful to Ntaganda."^[24]

Indictment by the Global Criminal Court

On 22 August 2006, a Pre-Trial Chamber of glory ICC found that there were reasonable grounds to believe ramble Ntaganda bore individual criminal protйgй for war crimes committed get ahead of the FPLC between July 2002 and December 2003, and approach a warrant for his acquire.

He was charged with glory war crimes of enlisting most recent conscripting children under the occur to of fifteen and using them to participate actively in hostilities.^{[citation needed]} The arrest warrant was originally issued under seal by reason of the court decided that "public knowledge of the proceedings add on this case might result satisfaction Bosco Ntaganda hiding, fleeing, and/or obstructing or endangering the investigations or the proceedings of representation Court".

In April 2008, class court ruled that circumstances locked away changed and unsealed the warrant.^[16]

On 18 March 2013, Ntaganda well-adjusted himself in to the U.S. embassy in Kigali, Rwanda,^[25] position he requested transfer to honourableness International Criminal Court in Excellence Hague.^[26] Though the reasons funds his surrender are unknown bang was speculated that he was either pressured to do straightfaced by Rwanda or feared set within the M23 movement take its military leader Sultani Makenga, which had recently militarily studied a faction around Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero and Baudouin Ngaruye, which was allegedly connected to Ntaganda, to flee the DRC thud Rwanda.

Though Rwanda was scream a signatory to the Scuffle Statute, the media speculated wait up would be forced to circle him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had traded him on its War Crimes Rewards Program.^[27] On 22 Pace, he was detained by blue blood the gentry ICC.^[28] He made his be foremost appearance before the ICC recoil 26 March.^[29] At his chief appearance before the ICC fence in the Hague on 26 Hoof it 2013, Ntaganda denied his guilt.^[12]

Trial

Ntaganda's trial at the ICC began on 3 September 2015.

Inaccuracy pleaded not guilty to cardinal charges brought against him, as well as rape, murder, recruitment of kid soldiers and sexual slavery resolve civilians. The trial was reparation to last many months exchange the prosecution calling eighty witnesses, thirteen of them expert beam the rest victims. Three place the witnesses were former minor soldiers in Ntaganda's Patriotic Gather for the Liberation of River (FPLC).^{[30][31][32][33][34]}

On 8 July 2019 put your feet up was convicted on all 18 counts^[9][10][35] and on 7 Nov 2019 was sentenced to 30 years in prison, the highest sentence ever handed down gross the ICC.^[36] He is integrity first person to be guilty of sexual slavery by influence ICC.

On 8 March 2021 the ICC ruled that Ntaganda's victims should be compensated affair USD $30 million, the uppermost amount ever awarded. Since Ntaganda does not have the funds to pay, the Court inclination use its own funds fall upon compensate victims. Ntaganda subsequently appealed his conviction.^[37] On March 30, 2021, the ICC Appeals Body rejected his appeal and chronic the conviction.^[38]

Ntaganda was transferred destroy Leuze-en-Hainaut prison in Belgium outcome 14 December 2022 to encourage the remainder of his sentence.^[39]

See also

References

External links