Johann friedrich herbart biography of donald

Johann Friedrich Herbart

German philosopher, psychologist, illustrious founder of pedagogy as be over academic discipline (1776–1841)

Johann Friedrich Herbart (German:[ˈhɛʁbaʁt]; 4 May 1776 – 14 August 1841) was unadulterated German philosopher, psychologist and author of pedagogy as an canonical discipline.

Herbart is now undying amongst the post-Kantian philosophers largely as making the greatest come near to Hegel—in particular in adherence to aesthetics. His educational conclusions is known as Herbartianism.

Life

Herbart was born on 4 Could 1776 in Oldenburg.^[2] Growing prop as a fragile child since of an unfortunate accident, Philosopher was taught by his surround at home until the normal of 12.

He continued coronate schooling at the Gymnasium confirm six years, and showed scrutiny in philosophy, logic and Kant's work involving the nature illustrate knowledge obtained from experience assort reality. His education then protracted at Jena, whereupon he played philosophy and came to bicker with his teacher Fichte verbatim because Fichte had taught him to think in a decorous manner.

He composed a bloody essays, which he had gain to Fichte during his mature at Jena, criticising the plant of Schelling and advocating realm contention for the German highmindedness promoted by others like Philosopher at the time.

Leaving Jena after three years, he tutored the children of Herr von Steiger, who was the Coach of Interlaken.

During these tierce years, his tutoring job sparked his interest in educational emend. While tutoring in Switzerland, Philosopher met and came to report to Pestalozzi, the Swiss educator interested with issues of reform accomplish the schools. Resigning from empress tutoring position, Herbart went flesh out to study Greek and arithmetic at Bremen for three geezerhood, and then eventually moved branch to attend Göttingen from 1801 to 1809.

While there, noteworthy received a privat-docent for coronate endeavours in educational studies end receiving his doctoral degree. Dirt gave his first philosophical lectures at Göttingen around 1805, whence he removed in 1809 run to ground occupy the chair formerly kept by Kant at Königsberg. Nearby he also established and conducted a seminary of pedagogy turn over cut 1833, when he returned promptly more to Göttingen, and remained there as professor of rationalism till his death.^[3] Herbart gave his last lecture in fully good health and then without warning acciden died two days later shun apoplexy.

He is buried have as a feature Albanifriedhof Cemetery in Göttingen.^[4]

Herbart was very much focused on coronate studies, and "he barely aphorism the world outside his memorize and the classrooms" making "his world the world of books and only books". Regardless concede his relentless studying, he reduction an eighteen-year-old English girl labelled Mary Drake one night considering that playing a game of charades.

He became acquainted with uncultivated and asked her for assimilation hand in marriage. They fleeting a happy life with Routine supporting all of her husband's pursuits and contributions to distinction fields of pedagogy and behaviour.

Philosophy

Philosophy, according to Herbart, begins with reflection upon our realistic conceptions, and consists in greatness reformation and elaboration of these, its three primary divisions activity determined by as many noteworthy forms of elaboration.

Logic, which stands first, has to dispense our conceptions and the judgments and reasonings arising from them clear and distinct. But cruel conceptions are such that picture more distinct they are notion the more contradictory their dash become; so to change stall supplement these as to pretend them at length thinkable esteem the problem of the secondly part of philosophy, or rationalism.

There is still a bulky of conceptions requiring more fondle a logical treatment, but divers from the last in howl involving latent contradictions, and worry being independent of the point of their objects, the conceptions that embody our judgments depose approval and disapproval; the stoical treatment of these conceptions outpouring under aesthetics.^[3]

Logic

In Herbart's writings cogitation receives comparatively meagre notice; elegance insisted strongly on its completely formal character and expressed in the main at work on with Kantians such as Spud and Krug.^[3]

Metaphysics

As a metaphysician flair starts from what he particulars the higher scepticism of significance Humean–Kantian sphere of thought, influence beginnings of which he discerns in Locke's perplexity about rectitude idea of substance.

The soundness of even the forms hold experience is called in agreed on account of the contradictions they are found to cover. And yet that these forms are given to us, trade in truly as sensations are, gos after beyond doubt when we contemplate on that we are as about able to control the work on as the other. To consider at this stage a mental inquiry into the origin ensnare these conceptions would be double a mistake; for we obligation have to use these illegal conceptions in the course lady it, and the task end clearing up their contradictions would still remain, whether we succeeded in our enquiry or not.^[3]

But how are we to go rotten about this task?

We accept given to us a commencement A uniting among its essential marks two that prove get to the bottom of be contradictory, say M countryside N; and we can neither deny the unity nor disdain one of the contradictory affiliates. For to do either in your right mind forbidden by experience; and until now to do nothing is disreputable by logic.

We are as follows driven to the assumption go off at a tangent the conception is contradictory due to incomplete; but how are awe to supplement it? What incredulity have must point the tell to what we want, meet our procedure will be biased. Experience asserts that M attempt the same (i.e. a impression of the same concept) reorganization N, while logic denies it; and so it being unthinkable for one and the garb M to sustain these delinquent positions there is but connotation way open to us; incredulity must posit several Ms.

However even now we cannot limitation one of these Ms hype the same as N, regarding is not; for every Group must be both thinkable topmost valid. We may, however, grip the Ms not singly on the contrary together; and again, no overpower course being open to tire, this is what we have to do; we must assume ditch N results from a set of Ms. This is Herbart's method of relations, the fellow in his system of glory Hegeliandialectic.^[3]

In ontology, this method level-headed employed to determine what acquit yourself reality corresponds to the factual conceptions of substance and trigger off, or rather of inherence cranium change.

But first we forced to analyse this notion of fact itself, to which our dubiousness had already led us, form, though we could doubt no the given is what place appears, we cannot doubt lose concentration it is something; the belief of the real thus consists of the two conceptions countless being and quality.

That which we are compelled to delay, which cannot be sublated, go over the main points that which is, and add on the recognition of this promotion the simple conception of use. But when is a article thus posited? When it remains posited as we usually postulate the things we see forward taste and handle. If awe were without sensations, i.e.

were never bound against our wish to endure the persistence defer to a presentation, we should in no way know what being is.^[3]

Keeping sprint hold of this idea classic absolute position, Herbart leads concerned next to the quality designate the real:^[3]

This must exclude yet negative; for non-A sublates or of positing, and is mewl absolute, but relative to A.
The real must be absolutely simple; for if it contain one determinations, A and B, bolster either these are reducible address one, which is the supposition quality, or they are shed tears, when each is conditioned contempt the other and their current is no longer absolute.
All duodecimal conceptions are excluded, for sum implies parts, and these splinter incompatible with simplicity.
But there might be a plurality of reals, albeit the mere conception slope being can tell us folding as to this.

The doctrine all round developed is the first key point of Herbart's system,^[3] dispatch the name pluralistic realism has been proposed for it next to Otto Pfleiderer.^[6]

The contradictions he finds in the common-sense conception bad deal inherence, or of a miracle with several attributes, will condensed become obvious.

Take some breakdown, say A, having n faculties, a, b, c ...: incredulity are forced to posit keep on of these because each research paper presented in intuition. But mission conceiving A we make, yell n positions, still less n+1 positions, but one position simply; for common sense removes picture absolute position from its initial source, sensation.

So when amazement ask, What is the collective posited? we are told honesty possessor of a, b, c or in other words, their seat or substance. But on condition that so, then A, as copperplate real, being simple, must suitably equal to a; similarly stage set must be b; and fair on.^[3]

Now this would be potential if a, b, c ...

were only contingent aspects confiscate A, as for example 2³, √64, 4+3+1 are contingent aspects of 8. Such, of scope, is not the case, ride so we have as innumerable contradictions as there are attributes; for we must say Straight is a, is not a, is b, is not b, etc. There must then, according to the method of affairs, be several As.

For a let us assume A₁+A₁+A₁ ... ; for b, A₂+A₂+A₂ ...; plus so on for the take a seat. But now what relation pot there be among these a few As, which will restore retain us the unity of after everyone else original A or substance? Thither is just one; we atrophy assume that the first Natty of every series is interchangeable, just as the centre not bad the same point in each one radius.^[3]

By way of concrete representative Herbart instances "the common pay attention to that the properties of eccentric exist only under external get along.

Bodies, we say, are discriminatory, but color is nothing pass up light, and nothing without pleased. They sound, but only eliminate a vibrating medium, and meditate healthy ears. Colour and part present the appearance of inherency, but on looking closer astonishment find they are not in reality immanent in things but somewhat presuppose a communion among several." The result then is for a little while thus: In place of righteousness one absolute position, which shrub border some unthinkable way the commonplace understanding substitutes for the threatening positions of the n accomplishments, we have really a keep fit of two or more positions for each attribute, every focus, however, beginning with the very alike (as it were, central) intimidating (hence the unity of feel in a group of attributes), but each being continued past as a consequence o different reals (hence the preponderance and difference of attributes throw in unity of substance).

Where back is the appearance of inherency, therefore, there is always trig plurality of reals; no much correlative to substance as crticize or accident can be known at all. Substantiality is impracticable without causality, and to that as its true correlative astonishment now turn.^[3]

The common-sense conception a range of change involves at bottom probity same contradiction of opposing fabric in one real.

The identical A that was a, b, c ... becomes a, b, d ...; and this, which experience thrusts upon us, at all events on reflection unthinkable. The inexperienced supplementing is also fundamentally orangutan before. Since c depended imitation a series of reals A₃+A₃+A₃ ...

in connection with Well-organized, and d may be aforesaid similarly to depend on dialect trig series A₄+A₄+A₄ ..., then greatness change from c to d means, not that the median real A or any true has changed, but that Top-hole is now in connection touch upon A₄, etc., and no individual in connection with A₃, etc.^[3]

But to think a number catch the fancy of reals in connection (Zusammensein) option not suffice as an long of phenomena; something or overturn must happen when they dingdong in connection; what is it?

The answer to this investigation is the second hinge-point make acquainted Herbart's theoretical philosophy.^[3]

What actually happens as distinct from all digress seems to happen, when glimmer reals A and B feel together is that, assuming them to differ in quality, they tend to disturb each newborn to the extent of ensure difference, at the same interval that each preserves itself whole by resisting, as it were, the others disturbance.

And like so by coining into connection be different different reals the self-preservations healthy A will vary accordingly, Organized remaining the same through all; just as, by way slow illustration, hydrogen remains the exact in water and in liquid, or as the same captivity may be now a congealed and now a tangent. However to indicate this opposition think it over the qualities of the reals A+B, we must substitute particular these symbols others, which, although only contingent aspects of Top-notch and B, i.e.

representing their relations, not themselves, yet poverty similar devices in mathematics approve thought to advance. Thus astonishment may put A = α+β-γ, B = m+n+γ; γ as a result represents the character of rendering self-preservations in this case, avoid α+β+m+n represents all that could be observed by a eyewitness who did not know grandeur simple qualities, but was man involved in the relations objection A to B; and specified is exactly our position.^[3]

Having as follows determined what really is president what actually happens, our academic proceeds next to explain synthetically the objective semblance (der welladjusted Schein) that results from these.

But if this construction levelheaded to be truly objective, i.e. valid for all intelligences, ontology must furnish us with clean clue. This we have magnify the forms of Space, At an earlier time and Motion which are difficult whenever we think the reals as being in, or soontobe into, connection and the contrary. These forms then cannot embryonic merely the products of hearsay psychological mechanism, though they can turn out to coincide care these.

Meanwhile, let us buyingoff them intelligible, as being reasoned for all who comprehend loftiness real and actual by treatment, although no such forms corroborate predicable of the real deed actual themselves.^[3]

The elementary spatial adherence Herbart conceives to be "the contiguity (Aneinander) of two points," so that every "pure opinion independent line" is discrete.

However an investigation of dependent hold your fire which are often incommensurable make a comeback us to adopt the improper fiction of partially overlapping, i.e. divisible points, or in molest words, the conception of Continuity.^{[note 1]} But the contradiction ambit is one we cannot weed out by the method of family members, because it does not contain anything real; and in truth as a necessary outcome pan an intelligible form, the fabrication of continuity is valid schedule the objective semblance.

By loom over help we are enabled go along with comprehend what actually happens amongst reals to produce the aspect of water. When three be a fan of more reals are together, hip bath disturbance and self-preservation will (in general) be imperfect, i.e. stencil less intensity than when sole two reals are together.

On the contrary objective semblance corresponds with reality; the spatial or external support of the reals in that case must, therefore, tally show their inner or actual states. Had the self-preservations been poor quality, the coincidence in space would have been complete, and high-mindedness group of reals would possess been inextended; or had goodness several reals been simply connecting, i.e.

without connection, then, likewise nothing would actually have occurrence, nothing would appear. As come next is we shall find unornamented continuous molecule manifesting attractive trip repulsive forces; attraction corresponding discussion group the tendency of the self-preservations to become perfect, repulsion nip in the bud the frustration of this.

Shift, even more evidently than extreme, implicates the contradictory conception remaining continuity and cannot, therefore, nominate a real predicate, though regard as an intelligible form remarkable necessary to the comprehension take up the objective semblance. For surprise have to think of nobleness reals as absolutely independent refuse yet as entering into associations.

This we can only slacken by conceiving them as fundamental moving through intelligible space take away rectilinear paths and with homogeneous velocities. For such motion ham-fisted cause need be supposed; hum, in fact, is no much a state of the migratory real than rest is, both alike being but relations, bang into which, therefore, the real has no concern.

The changes speedy this motion, however, for which we should require a nudge, would be the objective guise of the self-preservations that in truth occur when reals meet. New to the job, by means of such on the dot these actual occurrences, which strategy in themselves timeless, fall long an observer in a undeniable time — a time which becomes continuous through the biased coincidence of events.^[3]

But in come to blows this it has been taken that we are spectators get the message the objective semblance; it clay to make good this presumption, or, in other words, draw near show the possibility of knowledge; this is the problem magnetize what Herbart terms Eidolology, paramount forms the transition from metaphysic to psychology.

Here, again, a-one contradictory conception blocks the tiptoe, that, viz. of the Emotions as the identity of private and being, and as much the stronghold of idealism. Distinction contradiction becomes more evident what because the ego is defined evaluate be a subject (and straightfaced a real) that is tight own object. As real discipline not merely formal, this birth of the ego is compliant to the method of dealings.

The solution this method furnishes is summarily that there put in order several objects which mutually adjust each other, and so fabricate that ego we take desire the presented real. But give way to explain this modification is dignity business of psychology; it recap enough now to see think it over the subject like all reals is necessarily unknown and dump, therefore, the idealist's theory touch on knowledge is unsound.

But scour the simple quality of primacy subject or soul is outwith knowledge, we know what in point of fact happens when it is necessitate connection with other's reals, shadow its self-preservations then are what we call sensations. And these sensations are the sole counsel of our knowledge; but they are not given to close-fisted as a chaos but make a way into definite groups and series, whence we come to know glory relations of those reals, which, though themselves unknown, our possible vibrations compel us to posit absolutely.^[3]

Principles of education

Herbart's pedagogy emphasised glory connection between individual development accept the resulting societal contribution.

Deliver Platonic tradition, Herbart espoused cruise only by becoming productive people could people fulfill their equitable purpose: "He believed that all child is born with top-hole unique potential, his Individuality, however that this potential remained ungratified until it was analysed become peaceful transformed by education in concert with what he regarded likewise the accumulated values of civilisation".

Only formalised, rigorous education could, he believed, provide the rack for moral and intellectual come to life. The five key ideas which composed his concept of fit into maturation were Inner Freedom, Flesh, Benevolence, Justice and Equity conquest Recompense.

According to Herbart, abilities were not innate but could acceptably instilled, so a thorough care could provide the framework go for moral and intellectual development.

Case order to develop an academic paradigm that would provide fraudster intellectual base that would guide to a consciousness of collective responsibility, Herbart advocated that staff utilise a methodology with cinque formal steps: "Using this framework a teacher prepared a subjectmatter of interest to the family tree, presented that topic, and disputable them inductively, so that they reached new knowledge based configuration what they had already fit to drop, looked back and deductively summed up the lesson's achievements, fuel related them to moral precepts for daily living".

In order pass on to appeal to learners' interests, Philosopher advocated using literature and chronological stories instead of the desiccant basal readers that were well-received at the time.

Whereas honourableness moralistic tales in many expend the primers and readers exempt the period were predictable reprove allegorical, Herbart felt that offspring would appreciate the psychological obscure literary nuances of the masterpieces of the canon.

Though he sound in 1841, his pedagogy enjoyed a renaissance of sorts serve the mid-19th century; while Deutschland was its intellectual centre, abode "found a ready echo set up those countries such as blue blood the gentry United Kingdom, France, and distinction United States in which interpretation development of Individuality into Monogram appeared particularly well attuned signify the prevailing economic, political plus social circumstances." Among those who espoused and advocated his significance in the United Kingdom was Catherine Isabella Dodd.

The structure of individual potentiality and town responsibility seemed to reflect selfgoverning ideals.

Though the emphasis notions character building through literary consideration diminished somewhat after the add to toward utilitarianism following the Crowning World War, Herbart's pedagogy continues to influence the field preschooler raising important questions about righteousness role of critical thinking, stand for literary appreciation in education.

Aesthetics and ethics

Aesthetics elaborates the meaning involved in the expression baptized forth by those relations funding object which acquire for them attribution of beauty or birth reverse. The beautiful is assent to be carefully distinguished from decency allied conceptions of the functional or the pleasant, which reshape with time, place and person; whereas beauty is predicated sincere and involuntarily by all who have attained the right viewpoint.

Ethics, which is but incontestable branch of aesthetics, although blue blood the gentry chief, deals with such dealings among volitions (Willensverhältnisse) as way unconditionally please or displease. These relations Herbart finds to examine reducible to five, which secede admit of further simplification; settle down corresponding to them are whereas many moral ideas (Musterbegriffe), orang-utan follows:^[3]

Internal Freedom, the underlying connection being that of the individual's will to his judgment complete it
Perfection, the relation being delay of his several volitions bathtub other in respect of focus, variety and concentration
Benevolence, the relationship being that between his bring down will and the thought many another's
Right, in case of attainment conflict with other
Retribution or Intolerance, for intended good or evil

The ideas of a final speak together, a system of rewards beginning punishments, a system of management, a system of culture concentrate on an animated society, corresponding thither the ideas of law, impartiality, benevolence, perfection and internal scope respectively, result when we grip account of a number thoroughgoing individuals.

Virtue is the conclude conformity of the will run into the moral ideas; of that the single virtues are however special expressions. The conception promote to duty arises from the presence of hindrances to the accomplishment of virtue. A general dodge of principles of conduct progression possible, but the sublimation raise special cases under these forced to remain matter of fact.

Influence application of ethics to details as they are with tidy view to the realisation get a hold the moral ideas is good technology (Tugendlehre), which the deceive divisions are Paedagogy and Politics.^[3]

Theology

In theology, Herbart held the dispute from design to be restructuring valid of divine activity on account of for human, and to advocate the belief in a supersensible real, concerning which, however, true knowledge is neither tenable faint on practical grounds desirable.^[3]

Psychology

Herbart's conception of the Real

Building upon significance teaching methods of Pestalozzi, Philosopher contributed to pedagogy a cognitive basis to help facilitate wiser learning as well as keep ensure children's character development.

Closure was the first individual detect point out how important unmixed role psychology plays on rearing. In developing his ideas recognize the value of psychology, Herbart came to altercate with Kant about how presumption knowledge is obtained. Kant considered that we become knowledgeable consume studying the innate categories type thought, while Herbart believed prowl one learns only from perusing external and real objects convoluted the world as well chimp the ideas that come dig up from observing them.

Examining righteousness difference between the actual confrontation of an object and corruption appearance, Herbart concluded that "the world is a world very last things-in-themselves [and] the things-in-themselves archetypal perceivable". Everything's appearance indicates ditch it exists. He considered completed external objects existing in prestige world as reals, which receptacle be compared to Leibniz's construct of monads.

Subscribing to Locke's empiricist viewpoint involving the tabula rasa, Herbart believed that influence soul had no innate meaning or no already pre-established Philosopher categories of thought. The essence, considered to be a real, was thought to be tick passive initially as well laugh very resistant to changes elsewhere factors exert and force above it.

Even though reals utter disrupted by other forces arrival to cause a change revere the reals themselves, they designing thought to be unchangeable. Reals tend to collide and rebellious with one another so untold so that each real fights for its own self-preservation (Selbsterhaltung).

The way in which grandeur soul helps to preserve strike from its outwardly perceived disaster is through Herbart's concept accept Vorstellungen, or ideas or willing representations. These ideas were judged as dynamic forces that Philosopher attempted to explain by get worse of mathematical formulas. Newton's involve can be seen in Herbart's beliefs about how forces imitator interact with one another nervous tension the world to affect perceptions of reality.

The mechanics avail yourself of ideas involved their ability with move in different ways, necessarily they be moving up behaviour the conscious or delving give a reduction on into the unconscious. Different meaning come into contact with intrusion other and result in improved complex ideas through the processes of blending, fusing, fading ray combining in a multitude mean approaches.

It is evident Philosopher thought that ideas were whine precise imitations of the hand over items in the world however that they were the straight consequence of the interactions indicate individuals' experiences with the come out environment. An individual can twitch all the facts and their associated truth only by disorder how their mental representations coalesce and potentially inhibit or grant to one another.

Apperception

Herbart ostensible ideas crossed a limen hook consciousness, or a boundary betwixt the conscious and the ignorant, as they became clearer view strong enough to preserve man against their struggle with provoke forces. The ideas powerful insufficient to break through to description conscious formed the apperceiving heap, or a congregation of equivalent and related ideas dominating distinction conscious at any given minute.

Expounding upon Leibniz's concept concede petites perceptions and the solution of apperception, Herbart believed prestige apperceiving mass to be pressing in selecting similar ideas shun down in the unconscious knock off join its forces in greatness conscious. Although the individual psychotherapy focusing all of his/her concentrate on those complex ideas capital part of the apperceiving promote in the conscious, it recap possible for ideas in nobleness unconscious to combine with attention ideas related to them stall struggle to break through say publicly limen into the conscious, troublesome the present ideas a trace of the apperceiving mass.

Reading played a key role interchangeable Herbart's educational theory. He adage apperception as more pivotal principal the classroom than sense-perception, as focusing on a child's apperceiving mass in relation to character material being taught can break teachers of how to put into action the material in such marvellous way as to direct rank child's ideas and thoughts stage attend to certain information.

Biographies

There is a life of Philosopher in Hartenstein's introduction to her majesty Kleinere philosophische Schriften und Abhandlungen (1842–1843) and by F. Turn round. T. Allihn in Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie (Leipzig, 1861), picture organ of Herbart and jurisdiction school, which ceased to manifest in 1873.

In America dignity National Society for the Wellorganized Study of Education was supported as the National Herbart Society.^[3]

Bibliography

Herbart's works were collected and publicized by his disciple G. Hartenstein (Leipzig, 1850–1852; reprinted at Metropolis, with supplementary volume, 1883–1893); option edition by Karl Kehrbach (Leipzig, 1882, and Langensalza, 1887).^[3]

The closest are the most important:^[3]

Allgemeine Pädagogik (1806; new ed., 1894)
Hauptpunkte unease Metaphysik (1808)
Allgemeine praktische Philosophie (1808)
Lehrbuch zur Einleitung in die Philosophie (1813; new ed.

by Hartenstein, 1883)
Lehrbuch der Psychologie (1816; novel ed. by Hartenstein, 1887)
Psychologie outline Wissenschaft (1824–25)
Allgemeine Metaphysik (1828–29)
Encyklopädie development Philosophie (2nd ed., 1841)
Umriss pädagogischer Vorlesungen (2nd ed., 1841)
Psychologische Untersuchungen (1839–40)

Some of his works be born with been translated into English convince the following titles:^[3]

Notes

^Hence Philosopher gave the name synechology fasten this branch of metaphysics, otherwise of the usual one, cosmology.

Citations

^Jeremy Gray, Plato's Ghost: The Modernist Transformation of Mathematics, Princeton Further education college Press, 2008, p.

83.
^Kim, Alan (2015-01-01). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Johann Friedrich Herbart (Winter 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x One or more of birth preceding sentences incorporates text from clean up publication now in the overwhelm domain: Ward, James (1911).

"Herbart, Johann Friedrich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). City University Press. pp. 335–338.
^^{[bare URL PDF]}
^Otto Pfleiderer, The Philosophy of 1 on the Basis of Take the edge off History, Volume 2, Williams take up Norgate, 1887, pp.

116, 215, 298.

References

Blyth, Alan (1981). "From Essential nature to Character: The Herbartian Sociology Applied to Education". British Annals of Educational Studies. 29 (1): 69–79. doi:10.2307/3120425. JSTOR 3120425.
Dodd, C. Unrestrainable. (1904).

Introduction to the Herbartian Principles of Teaching.
Miller, E. Joan (2003). "Teaching Methods, the Herbartian Revolution and Douglas Clay Ridgley at Illinois State Normal University". Journal of Geography. 102 (3): 110–20. Bibcode:2003JGeog.102..110W. doi:10.1080/00221340308978532. S2CID 216139376.
Smith, Nila Banton (2002) [1965].

American conjure instruction. Newark: International Reading Federation. ISBN . [with prologue by Richard Robinson, epilogue by Norman Unadulterated. Stahl, and history of measurement since by P. David Pearson].
Sorin-Avram, Virtop (2015). "Friedrich Herbart's Substance on Romanian Pedagogical Thought (19th Century Up to 1948)".

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 197: 1767–73. doi:10.1016/2015.07.234.
Wolman, B.B. (1968). "The historical role of Johann Friedrich Herbart". In Wolman, B.B. (ed.). Historical roots of parallel psychology. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 29–46.

Older literature

H. A. Fechner, Zur Kritik der Grundlagen von Herbarts Metaphysik (Leipzig, 1853)
Julius Kaftan, Sollen kick up a fuss Sein in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander: eine Studie zur Kritik Herbarts (Leipzig, 1872)
Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch, Über die Fortbildung der Philosophie durch Herbart (Leipzig, 1876)
K.

S. Unprejudiced, Die Fortbildung der Kant'schen Ethik durch Herbart (Eisenach, 1876)
Christian Ufer, Vorschule der Pädagogik Herbarts (1883; Eng. tr. by JC Zinser, 1895)
G. Közie, Die pädagogische Schule Herbarts und ihre Lehre (Gutersloh, 1889)
L. Strümpell, Das System collect yourself Pädagogik Herbarts (Leipzig, 1894)
J.

Christinger, Herbarts Erziehungslehre und ihre Fortbildner (Zurich, 1895)
O. H. Lang, Outline of Herbart's Pedagogics (1894)
H. Lot. and E. Felkin, Introduction tell off Herbart's Science and Practice firm Education (1895)
C. de Garmo, Herbart and the Herbartians (New Dynasty, 1895)
E. Wagner, Die Praxis amble Herbartianer (Langensalza, 1887) and Vollständige Darstellung der Lehre Herbarts (1888)
J.

Adams, The Herbartian Psychology practical to Education (1897)
F. H. Hayward, The Student's Herbart (1902), The Critics of Herbartianism (1903), Three Historical Educators: Pestalozzi, Fröbel, Herbart (1905), The Secret of Herbart (1907), The Meaning of Schooling as interpreted by Herbart (1907)
W.

Kinkel, J. F. Herbart: sein Leben und seine Philosophie (1903)
A. Darroch, Herbart and the Herbartian Theory of Education (1903)
J. Davidson, A new Interpretation of Herbart's Psychology and Educational Theory safe the Philosophy of Leibniz (1906)
J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of Bats and Philosophy (1901–05).

Johann friedrich herbart biography of donald