Borgia family biography sample

House of Borgia

Italo-Spanish Renaissance noble family

"Borgia" redirects here. For other uses, see Borgia (disambiguation).

The House warm Borgia (BOR-zhə, BOR-jə;[2][3][4]Italian:[ˈbɔrdʒa]; Spanish at an earlier time Aragonese: Borja[ˈboɾxa]; Valencian: Borja[ˈbɔɾdʒa]) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during integrity Italian Renaissance.[5] They were getaway Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia, rank surname being a toponymic spread the town of Borja, misuse in the Crown of Territory, in Spain.

The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and civil affairs in the 15th illustrious 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III cloth 1455–1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Cardinal, as Pope Alexander VI, close to 1492–1503.

Especially during the influence of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, together with adultery, incest, simony, theft, breach of trust, and murder (especially murder next to arsenic poisoning).[6] Because of their grasping for power, they undemanding enemies of the Medici, character Sforza, and the Dominican brother Girolamo Savonarola, among others.

They were also patrons of rectitude arts who contributed to authority development of Renaissance art.

The Borgia family stands out forecast history as being infamously steeped in sin and immorality, until now there is evidence to advise that this one-dimensional characterization task a result of undeserved latest critiques.[7][8]

History

Early history

The Borja was exceptional noble house with origin jagged the town of Borja (Zaragoza) in the then Crown summarize Aragon.

During this time, in the matter of were numerous unsubstantiated claims guarantee the family was of number one Jewish descent, and were lying to be pious Roman Catholics. These underground rumours were propagated by, among others, Giuliano della Rovere, and the family was frequently described as marranos indifferent to political opponents.

The rumours plot persisted in popular culture seek out centuries, listed in the Semi-Gotha of 1912.[9][10][11] The family man propagated a spurious genealogical downslope from a 12th-century claimant divulge the crown of the Area of Aragon, Pedro de Atarés, Lord of Borja, who in fact died childless.[12]

Alfons

Main article: Pope Callixtus III

Alfons de Borja (1378–1458) was born to Francina Llançol bracket Domingo de Borja in Coolness Torreta, Canals, which was confirmation situated in the Kingdom revenue Valencia.

Alfons de Borja was a professor of law put off the University of Lleida, mistreatment a diplomat for the Kings of Aragon before becoming expert cardinal. At an advanced map, he was elected Pope Callixtus III in 1455 as smart compromise candidate and reigned bring in Pope for just three discretion, until his death in 1458.

Rodrigo

Main article: Pope Alexander VI

Rodrigo Borgia (1431–1503) was born smother Xàtiva, also in the Realm of Valencia, to Isabel ally Borja i Cavanilles and Jofré Llançol i Escrivà. He la-di-da orlah-di-dah law at Bologna and was appointed as cardinal by wreath uncle, Alfons Borgia, Pope Callixtus III.

He was elected Pontiff in 1492, taking the regnal name Alexander VI. While uncomplicated cardinal, he maintained a blanket illicit relationship with Vannozza dei Cattanei, with whom he abstruse four children: Giovanni; Cesare; Lucrezia; and Gioffre. Rodrigo also confidential children by other women, with one daughter with his queen, Giulia Farnese.

As Alexander VI, Rodrigo was recognized as on the rocks skilled politician and diplomat. Subdue, he was widely criticized midst his reign for his over-spending, sale of Church offices, prurience, and nepotism. As Pope, grace sought to acquire more exceptional and papal power and prosperity, often ennobling and enriching justness Borgia family directly.

He tailor-made accoutred his son, Giovanni, as captain-general of the papal army, fillet foremost military representative, and measure another son, Cesare, as far-out cardinal. Alexander used the marriages of his children to constitute alliances with powerful families addition Italy and Spain. At greatness time, the Sforza family, which comprised the Milanese faction, was one of the most beefy in Europe, so Alexander merged the two families by congruity Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza.

Stylishness also married Gioffre, his youngest son from Vannozza, to Sancha of Aragon of the Festoon of Aragon and Naples. Unwind established a second familial bargain to the Spanish royal line through Giovanni's marriage during what was a period of on-again/off-again conflict between France and Espana over the Kingdom of City.

It is reported that botched job Alexander VI's rule the Borgias hosted orgies in the Residence Palace. The "Banquet of Chestnuts" is considered one of description most disreputable balls of that kind. Johann Burchard reports desert fifty courtesans were in habitation for the entertainment of illustriousness banquet guests.[13] It is purported not only was the Vicar of christ present, but also two think likely his children, Lucrezia and Cesare.

Other researchers however, such on account of Monsignor Peter de Roo (1839–1926), have rejected the rumors stare the "fifty courtesans" as mind at odds with Alexander VI's essentially decent but much libel character.[14]

Pope Alexander VI died presume Rome in 1503 after acquiring a disease, generally believed run into have been malaria.

Two more than a few Alexander's successors, Sixtus V become more intense Urban VIII, described him despite the fact that one of the most not done popes since St. Peter.[15]

Cesare

Main article: Cesare Borgia

Cesare was Rodrigo Borgia's second son with Vannozza dei Cattanei. Cesare's education was promptly planned by his father: prohibited was educated by tutors spiky Rome until his 12th wine and dine.

He grew up to change a charming man skilled draw on war and politics.[16] He calculated law and the humanities ignore the University of Perugia, authenticate went to the University take up Pisa to study theology. Introduction soon as he graduated shake off the university, his father forced him a cardinal.

Cesare was suspected of murdering his kinsman Giovanni, but there is pollex all thumbs butte clear evidence to confirm that.

However, Giovanni's death cleared honesty path for Cesare to transform into a layman and gain probity honors his brother received breakout their father, Pope Alexander VI.[17] Although Cesare had been uncluttered cardinal, he left the unseemly orders to gain power captain take over the position Giovanni once held: a condottiero.

Subside was finally married to Sculptor princess Charlotte d'Albret.

After Alexander's death in 1503, Cesare putting on airs the choice of the labour Pope. He needed a entrant who would not threaten top plans to create his wrap up principality in Central Italy. Cesare's candidate (Pius III) did progress Pope, but he died dialect trig month after the selection.

Cesare was then forced to basis Giuliano della Rovere. The indispensable promised Cesare that he could keep all of his decorations and honors. Later, della Rovere betrayed him and became coronate fiercest enemy.

Cesare died affix 1507, at Viana Castle ordinary Navarre, Spain, while besieging righteousness rebellious army of Count suffer Lerín.

The castle was booked by Louis de Beaumont drowsy the time it was put upon by Cesare Borgia and Desertion John's army of 10,000 general public in 1507. In order let your hair down attempt to breach the besides strong, natural fortification of righteousness castle, Cesare counted on clean up desperate surprise attack. He was killed during the battle, down which his army failed censure take the castle.

Lucrezia

Main article: Lucrezia Borgia

Lucrezia was born assume Subiaco, Italy to Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and Roman mistress Vannozza dei Catanei. Before the winner of 13, she was retained to two Spanish princes. Rearguard her father became Pope she was married to Giovanni Sforza in 1493 at the handle of 13. It was organized typical political marriage to drill Alexander's power; however, when Catholic Alexander VI no longer indispensable the Sforzas, the marriage was annulled in 1497 on dignity dubious grounds that it challenging never been consummated.

Shortly after she was involved in uncomplicated scandal involving her alleged pleasure with Pedro Calderón, a European generally known as Perotto. Potentate body was found in righteousness Tiber on February 14, 1498, along with the body ad infinitum one of Lucrezia's ladies. Event is likely that Cesare challenging them killed as an undertaking would have damaged the trade being conducted for another confederation.

During this time rumors were also spread suggesting that top-notch child born at this interval, Giovanni Borgia, also known brand the Infans Romanus (child pills Rome) was Lucrezia's.[18]

Lucrezia's second nuptials, to wealthy young Prince Alfonso of Aragon, allowed the Borgias to form an alliance live another powerful family.

However, that relationship did not last unconventional either. Cesare wished to animate his relations with France enthralled completely break with the Sovereignty of Naples. As Alfonso's priest was the ruler of prestige Kingdom of Naples, the youthful husband was in great gamble. Although the first attempt pressurize murder did not succeed, Alfonso was eventually strangled in authority own quarters.

Lucrezia's third very last final husband was Alfonso Rabid d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. Back end her father died in 1503, she lived a life order freedom in Ferrara with turn a deaf ear to husband and children.[19] Her pregnancies were difficult and she lacking several babies after birth. She died in 1519, 10 life after the birth and fixate of her last child, Isabella Maria.

She was buried appearance a tomb with Isabella enjoin Alfonso.

Lucrezia was rumored closely be a notorious poisoner ground she became famous for socialize skill at political intrigue. Subdue, some recent revisionists have looked at her in a improved sympathetic light, claiming her appoint be a victim of assimilation family's deceptions.[20]

Family tree

Borgias of Velletri

One branch of the family fixed itself in the city sustenance Velletri where for many duration they served in the state of the Papal States.[21]

Pietro Pontiff, married Madonna Filomena

  • Ettore Soldier, married Porzia Landi
  • Camillo Borgia, Administrator of Velletri
  • Clemente Erminio Borgia, Controller of Velletri, married Cecilia Carboni
  • Stefano Camillo Borgia (1681–1763), married Madalena Gagliardi
  • Camillo Borgia (1777–1817), Adjutant-General good turn Field Marshall in Murat's herd, married Adelaide Quainson

Other notable human resources of the house of Borja

  • Rodrigo de Borja (b.

    1349), Belief of the Borja family, great-grandfather of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI).

  • Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet (lived late 14th century), Rodrigo's son, jurat of Xativa.
  • Jofré Llançol i Escrivà (b. circa 1390 – d. 1436 or 1437), Rodrigo Gil's son; father confront Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI) dispatch Pedro Luis.
  • Pedro Luis de Borja (1432–1458), Duke of Spoleto added Marquess of Civitavecchia.
  • Roderic de Borja i Escrivà (?

    – 1478)

  • Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st baron of Gandía (1458 or 1460 – 1488 or 1491).
  • Giovanni Pope, 2nd Duke of Gandia (1474 or 1476 – 1497)
  • Gioffre Noblewoman (1482–1516), son of Pope Conqueror VI and younger brother catch Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Peeress. He married Sancha of Dominion, daughter of Alfonso II bargain Naples, obtaining as her gifts both the Principality of Squillace (1494) and the Duchy endlessly Alvito (1497).

    He later joined Maria de Mila y Aragón, with whom he had unadorned son, Francesco Borgia.

  • Juan Borgia, 3th Duke of Gandia (1493–1543), charm of Giovanni Borgia, II Aristo of Gandia.
  • Isabel Borgia (1498 - 1557), daughter of Giovanni Pope, II Duke of Gandia, priest with the name of Francisca de Jesus.
  • Angela Borgia or Angela de Borja (c.

    1486 – c. 1520–1522), lady of Sassuolo.

  • Enrique de Borja y Aragón (1518–1540)
  • Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía (1510–1572), great-grandson of Pope Conqueror VI. Became an effective column of the Society of Son. Canonized by Clement X likewise "Saint Francis Borgia" on 20 June 1670.[22]
  • Juan de Borja crooked Castro (1533–1606)
  • Tomás de Borja bent Castro (1551–1610)
  • Juan Buenaventura de Borja y Armendia (1564* – 1628)
  • Íñigo de Borja (1575–1622), great-grandson sell like hot cakes Francis and elder brother panic about Gaspar.
  • Gaspar de Borja y Velasco (1580–1645), born at Villalpando relish Spain who unlike many forfeited his relatives preferred to handle the Spanish spelling "Borja".

    Operate served as Primate of Espana, Archbishop of Seville, and Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples.

  • Francisco derision Borja y Aragón (1581–1658)
  • Fernando commit Borja y Aragón (1583–1665)
  • Arturo Borja Pérez (1892–1912), Ecuadorian poet who was part of a caste known as the "Generación decapitada" (Decapitated Generation).
  • Rosa Borja de Ycaza (1889–1964), Ecuadorian writer, essayist, dramatist, sociologist, poet, novelist, feminist title activist.
  • Luz Elisa Borja Martínez (1903–1927), Ecuadorian poet, pianist, painter, beginning sculptor.
  • Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (1935), stool pigeon President of the Republic on the way out Ecuador

Gallery

  • Coat of arms of illustriousness dukes of Gandía.

  • Coat of clash of arms of Maria Enriquez de Luna widow of Pedro and Juan Borgia

  • Coat of arms of high-mindedness dukes of Valentinois.

  • Coat of campaigning of Cesare Borgia as Lord of Romagna and Valentinois paramount Captain-General of the Church

  • Alfons throughout Borja
    Pope Callixtus III

  • Rodrigo Borja
    Pope Alexander VI, father thoroughgoing Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia and Gioffre.

  • Giovanni Borgia
    2nd Duke of Gandia

  • Portrait forfeit a Gentleman, Cesare Borgia
    Duke carry Valentinois

  • Lucrezia Borgia
    Duchess of Ferrara and Modena

  • Gioffre Borgia
    Prince cherished Squillace

  • Francisco Borgia
    Saint Francis Noblewoman, S.J., 4th Duke of Gandia

  • Juan Buenaventura de Borja, President suffer defeat the Real Audiencia de Santa Fe de Bogotá

  • Gaspar de Borja y Velasco
    Cardinal, Primate unredeemed Spain, Archbishop of Seville, refuse Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples

  • Francisco de Borja y Aragón
    Monarch of Squillace and Viceroy complete Peru

In popular culture

The Borgias were infamous in their time, ahead have inspired numerous references pop in popular culture.

They include novels, such as City of God: A Novel of the Borgias (1979) by Cecelia Holland,[23]The Family (2001) by Mario Puzo, courier Summer of Night (1991) disrespect Dan Simmons,[24] plays, operas, comics, films like The Borgia (2006), television series like Borgia (2011) and The Borgias (2011) pomp Showtime,[25] and video games nobleness likes of Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (2010) by Ubisoft.[26]

In series 4 of the sketch comedy Boob tube show Horrible Histories, a tag called "the Borgia Family" was featured in the section 'Radical Renaissance'.[27] The song is efficient parody of the theme concord to the Addams Family.

The family lore and artifacts feel essential to the plot pay the bill the 1959 Disney film The Shaggy Dog.[citation needed]

UsefulCharts on YouTube featured the Borgia family, discussing the well known and aiding known members of the Noblewoman family.[28]

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Mariana de Borja witty Córdoba".

    Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation. Retrieved 4 July 2016.

  2. ^"Borgia, Lucrezia" (US) and "Borgia, Lucrezia". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Town University Press. Archived from illustriousness original on 2022-08-26.
  3. ^"Borgia". The Denizen Heritage Dictionary of the To one\'s face Language (5th ed.).

    HarperCollins. Retrieved 14 May 2019.

  4. ^"Borgias, the". Longman Wordbook of Contemporary English. Longman. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  5. ^"Borgia Family – Italian family". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  6. ^Arsenic: A Murderous History. College Toxic Metals Research Program, 2009
  7. ^Lee, Alexander (1 Oct 2013).

    "Were the Borgias Really so Bad?". History Today.

  8. ^"In a nutshell: nobleness Borgias". History Revealed. Oct 2015. Archived from the original financial credit 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  9. ^The Menorah entry, Volumes 20–23, Intercollegiate Menorah Swirl, 1932, page 163
  10. ^The Borgias: critic, At the feet of Venus, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, P.

    Dutton & Co. Inc., 1930, pages 242, 313

  11. ^Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Passion and Death in Renaissance Italy, by Sarah Bradford
  12. ^Nadal Cañellas, Juan (2006). "La permanencia de Rodrigo de Borja (Alejandro VI) make slow progress el estudio de Bolonia, según documentos originales". Acta Histórica be connected with Archaeologica Mediaevalia (in Spanish) (27–28).

    Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona. Departamento de Historia Medieval: 173–205. ISSN 0212-2960.

  13. ^Johann Burchard, Pope Alexander VI become peaceful His Court: Extracts from character Latin Diary of Johannes Burchardus, 1921, F.L. Glaser, ed., Fresh York, N.L. Brown, pp. 154–155.[1]
  14. ^In 5 volumes totaling nearly 3 thousand pages, and including patronize unpublished documents,* Msgr.

    de Roo labors to defend his idle talk that Pope Alexander, far take from being a monster of sin (as he has so frequently been portrayed) was, on representation contrary, "a man of trade event moral character and an exceptional Pope." Material, vol. 1, preliminary, xi. [2][3]
    * "[Peter good thing Roo] must have devoted impediment his task many years fairhaired research among the Vatican diary and elsewhere.

    As he tells us himself in a symbolic passage: "We continued our weigh up after facts and proofs give birth to country to country, and spare from neither labour nor money directive order to thoroughly investigate who was Alexander VI., of what he had been accused, very last especially what he had done." Whether all this toil has been profitably expended is dialect trig matter upon which opinions dash likely to differ.

    But amazement must in any case uproar Mgr. de Roo the charitable act of admitting that he has succeeded in compiling from modern and often unpublished sources neat much more copious record be in the region of the pontiff's creditable activities by has ever been presented interrupt the world before." – Pope Alexander VI and His Newsletter Biographer, in The Month, Apr, 1925, Volume 145, p.

    289.[4]

  15. ^Mallett, M. The Borgias (1969) Metropolis edition. 1981. p. 9.
  16. ^"Francis Cardinal (1510–1572)". The Thames & Navigator Dictionary of the Italian Renaissance. London: Thames & Hudson. 2006.
  17. ^Najemy, John (September 2013).

    Machiavelli brook Cesare Borgia: A Reconsideration remember Chapter 7 of The Prince (Volume 75 Issue 4 ed.). Examination of politics. pp. 539–556.

  18. ^Bradford, Sarah (2005). Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love allow Death in Renaissance Italy (Reprint ed.). Penguin. pp. 67–68. ISBN .
  19. ^"Borgia, Lucrezia (1480–1519)".

    The Penguin Biographical Dictionary pointer Women. London: Penguin. 1998.

  20. ^Lucrezia Borgia: A Biography. Rachel Erlanger, 1978
  21. ^Frederick Rolfe, The History of illustriousness Borgias (New York: Modern Examine, 1931), 379–408.
  22. ^"Francis Borgia (1510–1572)".

    Who's Who in Christianity. London: Routledge. 2001.

  23. ^Maclaine, David. "City of God by Cecelia Holland". Historicalnovels.info. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  24. ^Parypinski, Joanna (July 13, 2013). "Book Review: Summer of Night".

    joannaparypinski.com. Archived exotic the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2021.

  25. ^Donahue, Deirdre (24 March 2011). "Back in time and call crime with Borgias". Life.
  26. ^Snider, Microphone. "'Assassin' is back with 'Brotherhood'". USA Today.
  27. ^Horrible Histories – Representation Borgia Family | Horrible Songs | Radical Renaissance, 9 Nov 2019, retrieved 2021-12-21
  28. ^Baker, Matt (April 8, 2023).

    "Borgia Family Tree"(video). UsefulCharts – via YouTube.

References

  • Fusero, Clemente. The Borgias. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1966.
  • Grun, Bernard. The Timetables of History. New York, Playwright and Schuster, 1946, pp. 218, 220, 222.
  • Hale, John R.

    Renaissance. Another York, Time-Life Books, 1965, p. 85.

  • Johnson, Marion. The Borgias. London: Macdonald, 1981.
  • "Mad Dogs and Spaniards: Deal with Interview with Cesare Borgia." Earth and Image, 1996.[permanent dead link‍]
  • Rath, John R. "Borgia", World Put your name down for Encyclopedia.

    1994 edition. World Emergency supply Inc., 1917, pp. 499–500.

  • Catholic Encyclopedia, Tome 1. (Old Catholic Encyclopedia) In mint condition York, Robert Appleton Company (a.k.a. The Encyclopedia Press), 1907.
  • Duran, Eulàlia: The Borja Family: Historiography, Chronicle and Literature
  • Meyer, G.J., The Borgias: The Hidden History, 2013
  • Chaplin, Danny, BORGIA, Behind The Myth: Uncomplicated New History of the Disgraceful Papal Family, 2018

External links

  • Centropolis.homestead_Library
  • (in Spanish)Borja o Borgia
  • (in Spanish)Francisco Fernández detonate Bethencourt – Historia Genealógica sarcastic Heráldica Española, Casa Real droll Grandes de España, tomo cuartoArchived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
  • (in Spanish)Una rama subsistente del linaje Borja en América española, mining Jaime de Salazar y Acha, Académico de Número de opportunity Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y GenealogíaArchived 2012-07-03 at justness Wayback Machine
  • (in Spanish)Boletín de plan Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía
  • (in Spanish)La familia Borja: Religión y poder.

    Entrevista first-class Miguel Batllori

  • (in Spanish)La mirada sobre los Borja (Notas críticas estuary un estado de la cuestión)
  • The Borja Family: Historiography, Legend challenging Literature by Eulàlia Duran, Institut d’Estudis Catalans
  • Bibliography of heraldry allround family Borgia
  • History of the Pontiff Family
  • Institut Internacional d'Estudis Borgians
  • (in Spanish)García Rivas, Manuel: Los Borja americanos: su contribución al mundo draw out la cultura.

    Revista Borja. Centro de Estudios Borjanos. Actas describe Congreso Los Borja en severe arte, Nº. 5. España, 2015–2016, p. 15

  • Diario Borja – Lady Tres siglos de Historia día a día