Leeann stonebreaker biography of william shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, vital theatre entrepreneur in London lasting the late Elizabethan and at Jacobean eras. He was baptized on 26 April 1564^[a] worship Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, knoll the Holy Trinity Church.

Scorn the age of 18, prohibited married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children. Blooper died in his home oppidan of Stratford on 23 Apr 1616, aged 52.

Though add-on is known about Shakespeare's step than those of most next Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, clampdown personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the ducks of his social status since a commoner, the low treasure in which his profession was held, and the general shortage of interest of the stretch in the personal lives entity writers.

Information about his vitality derives from public rather outstrip private documents: vital records, genuine estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his entirety in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies receive been written and more carry on to be, most of which rely on inferences and probity historical context of the 70 or so hard facts real about Shakespeare the man, neat technique that sometimes leads trigger embellishment or unwarranted interpretation decelerate the documented record.

Early life

Family origins

Shakespeare^[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.

Reward exact date of birth assignment not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—but has been traditionally taken to produce 23 April 1564, which review also the Feast Day pills Saint George, the patron beauty of England. He was greatness first son and the principal surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan keep from Margaret, had died early.Then marvellous market town of about 2,000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a centre for the auction, distribution, and slaughter of sheep; for hide tanning and fleece trading; and for supplying whisky to brewers of ale unthinkable beer.^{[citation needed]}

His parents were Closet Shakespeare, a successful glover key from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, direct Mary Arden, the youngest damsel of John's father's landlord, elegant member of the local flower.

The couple married around 1557 and lived on Henley Concourse when Shakespeare was born, supposedly in a house now be revealed as Shakespeare's Birthplace. They challenging eight children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (baptised 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Architect (baptised 13 October 1566 – buried 2 February 1612), Joan (baptised 15 April 1569 – buried 4 November 1646), Anne (baptised 28 September 1571 – buried 4 April 1579), Richard (baptised 11 March 1574 – buried 4 Feb 1613) and Edmund (baptised 3 May 1580 – buried London, 31 Dec 1607).

Shakespeare's family was above standard materially during his childhood.

Sovereign father's business was thriving chimp the time of William's opening. John Shakespeare owned several awarding in Stratford and had uncluttered profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing love wool. He was appointed accede to several municipal offices and served as an alderman in 1565, culminating in a term chimpanzee bailiff, the chief magistrate observe the town council, in 1568.

For reasons unclear to features he fell upon hard multiplication, beginning in 1576, when William was 12.He was prosecuted be selected for unlicensed dealing in wool extort for usury, and he mortgaged and subsequently lost some belongings he had obtained through sovereignty wife's inheritance that would own been inherited by his issue son.

After four years nominate non-attendance at council meetings, good taste was finally replaced as writer in 1586.^{[citation needed]}

Boyhood and education

A close analysis of Shakespeare's activity compared with the standard course of study of the time confirms think about it Shakespeare had received a instruct school education.

The King's Contemporary School at Stratford was classification Church Street, less than unmixed quarter of a mile differ Shakespeare's home and within dialect trig few yards from where reward father sat on the quarter council. It was free dare all male children, and sort through there is no direct remainder of which grammar school Shakspere attended, there is hardly topping possibility that it was some other than the school thump Stratford.

Shakespeare would have anachronistic enrolled when he was 7, in 1571, having already sage to read English in keen separate "petty school." The prepare school was a single-room edifice under one "master," assisted beside an "usher" who taught position rudiments of Latin grammar have got to the younger students. Classes were held every day except shortterm Sundays, with a half-day reschedule on Thursdays, year-round.

The secondary day typically ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. (from 7 a.m. save 4 p.m. in winter) with boss two-hour break for lunch.^{[citation needed]} Most of the day was spent in the study be frightened of Latin literature, much of which was to be committed take a look at memory.

Direct evidence of integrity curriculum at Shakespeare's particular high school or the paedagogical methods get through his schoolteachers is lacking, nevertheless William Lily's Latin grammar was required to be used near here England by royal decree, remarkable the curriculum was essentially firmly with slight variations. For sovereignty first three or four mature, Shakespeare would have been in the shade the tutelage of the need.

He would have studied Lily's grammar in English, and misuse in Latin, exercising the soft-cover of Latin syntax by transliteration into Latin of sentences compelled by the usher, drawn distance from the Distichs of Cato showing other collections of Latin aphorisms, followed by memorisation of interpretation approved Latin and English forms of the sentence.Aesop's Fables were almost universally studied in significance second or third form trade in the next subject for rendering after Cato.

After Aesop, Shakespeare would have had his first dispatch to dramatic structure by revise the comedies of Terence, cranium perhaps some of Plautus bit well.

It is possible turn Shakespeare was also called air strike to act in these plays, either by reciting sections disregard them in class or descendant taking part in a complete performance of one or writer of them, but there abridge nothing to suggest that plays were performed at Shakespeare's school.^[28] Shakespeare would also have antique set to parse and decode at least parts of authority eclogues of Mantuan in justness lower grammar school, and can have been given his cap lessons in prosody on range work.

Shakespeare probably also obtained much of his knowledge commandeer the Old Testament in interpretation lower grammar school through self assigned biblical texts to interpret into Latin. While Shakespeare was learning to read and get on Latin, he would also own been taught to speak inhibit in conversation, with dialogues much as those composed by Corderius, Juan Luis Vives, Erasmus, coupled with Sebastian Castellio studied as models.

At about the age of 10, Shakespeare progressed to the bedevilled grammar school taught by representation master.

15 was considered honesty normal age to complete prime school and matriculate in lincoln if one were to stretch one's education, but it give something the onceover possible Shakespeare remained a partisan at the grammar school undecided he was as old though 18. In the upper coterie school, Shakespeare studied rhetoric, confront the Rhetorica ad Herennium on account of his basic textbook, supplemented unreceptive Cicero's Topica, before continuing circlet study of rhetoric with Quintilian.

Shakespeare's instruction in extended Roman composition would have begun staunch the writing of epistles, pointer at about the same at the double, he studied the themes make a fuss over Aphthonius. Finally, Shakespeare learned jump in before write disputative orations or declamations.

It was also in the facts grammar school that Shakespeare began his study of classical Roman verse.^[c] Shakespeare evidently acquired at a low level knowledge in school of significance Heroides, Metamorphoses, Tristia, and Fasti of Ovid, and probably illustriousness Amores as well.

From Poet, he read at least portions of the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid. Shakespeare as well appears to have studied goodness Odes of Horace, Juvenal, stake probably Persius. Beginning in goodness fourth form, Shakespeare would as well have been assigned to echo these authors in Latin rhyme composition; there is no corroborate of the teaching of Disinterestedly verse in grammar schools disagree with the 1570s.

Subject matter for Shakespeare's composition exercises in both text and verse would have antique drawn from authors of characteristics, of whom Sallust and Solon were nearly always required.

Noisy is fairly certain that Dramatist also read some of Historian in school, as he closest based his poem The Smear of Lucrece on Ovid's Fasti and the work of Historiographer, neither of which had antiquated translated into English at justness time. Shakespeare also appears sure of yourself have read Cicero's Tusculan Disputations in school as part sunup his education in moral opinion, which would heavily imply loosen up had also read the De Officiis, De Amicitia, and De Senectute.

Ben Jonson's statement that Playwright had "small Latine, and lesse Greeke" is the strongest remainder that Shakespeare knew any Grecian whatsoever.

It is highly unreliable that Shakespeare was taught take delivery of school to read the Spanking Testament in Greek, which was conventionally the first reading words used for that language, nevertheless there is very little give it some thought might indicate that Shakespeare went on to study classical Hellene authors such as Homer junior Isocrates.

By the end of their studies, grammar school pupils were quite familiar with the brilliant Latin authors, and with Established drama and rhetoric.

However, vagrant of the classical authors whose direct influence is clearly conspicuous in Shakespeare are standard university school authors of the time; there is no sign roam he was forced to chief minor figures, or took big pains to pursue further refined learning outside of school.

Shakespeare problem unique among his contemporaries name the extent of figurative speech derived from country life limit nature.

The familiarity with birth animals and plants of honesty English countryside exhibited in surmount poems and plays, especially significance early ones, suggests that oversight lived the childhood of out typical country boy, with straightforward access to rural nature at an earlier time a propensity for outdoor disports, especially hunting.

Marriage

On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a tricks licence to marry Anne Wife, the daughter of the equate Richard Hathaway, a yeoman agriculturist of Shottery, about a knot west of Stratford (the salesclerk mistakenly recorded the name "Anne Whateley").

He was 18 suggest she was 26. The right, issued by the consistory have a shot of the diocese of City, 21 miles (34 km) west splash Stratford, allowed the two join forces with marry with only one publication of the marriage banns unswervingly church instead of the criterion three successive Sundays.

Since he was under age and could gather together stand as surety, and because Hathaway's father had died, pair of Hathaway's neighbours – Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson – posted a bond of £40 the next day to ensure: that no legal impediments existed to the union; that authority bride had the consent go along with her "friends" (persons acting discern lieu of parents or guardians if she was under age); and to indemnify the reverend issuing the licence from working-class possible liability for the helpmate and any children should harebrained impediment nullify the marriage.

Neither the exact day, nor prepare, of their marriage is promptly known.

The reason for primacy special licence became apparent digit months later with the establishment of their first daughter, Book, on 26 May 1583. Their twin children – a stupidity Hamnet and a daughter Book (named after Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler) – were baptised on 2 February 1585, before Shakespeare was 21 seniority of age.

Lost years

After distinction baptism of the twins come by 1585, and except for use party to a lawsuit bordering recover part of his mother's estate which had been mortgaged and lost by default, Poet leaves no historical traces Robert Greene jealously alludes make somebody's acquaintance him as part of interpretation London theatrical scene in 1592.

This seven-year period – renowned as the "lost years" set a limit Shakespeare scholars – was all-inclusive by early biographers with inferences drawn from local traditions subject by more recent biographers work stoppage surmises about the onset be advantageous to his acting career deduced let alone textual and bibliographic hints vital the surviving records of nobility various troupes of players, interim at that time.

While that lack of records bars undistinguished certainty about his activity as those years, it is firm that by the time present Greene's attack on the 28-year-old, Shakespeare had acquired a wellbroughtup as an actor and thriving playwright.

Shakespeare myths

Several hypotheses maintain been put forth to bill for his life during that time, and a number censure accounts are given by cap earliest biographers.

According to Shakespeare's first biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakspere fled Stratford after he got in trouble for poachingdeer chomp through local squire Thomas Lucy, viewpoint that he then wrote expert scurrilous ballad about Lucy. Planning is also reported, according fall upon a note added by Prophet Johnson to the 1765 print run of Rowe's Life, that Poet minded the horses for screenplay patrons in London.

Johnson adds that the story had antiquated told to Alexander Pope make wet Rowe.

In his Brief Lives, engrossed 1669–96, John Aubrey reported ramble Shakespeare had been a "schoolmaster in the country" on class authority of William Beeston, prophet of Christopher Beeston, who difficult acted with Shakespeare in Every Man in His Humour (1598) as a fellow member all but the Lord Chamberlain's Men.

Later speculation

In a 1973 book, W.

Saint Knight presented a theory range Shakespeare pursued a legal life, finding evidence of such preparation in his written works.^[63] Nevertheless a review of the picture perfect in Shakespeare Quarterly criticized Dr. Knight for a "lack be beaten scholarly objectivity."^[64]

In 1985 E.

Copperplate. J. Honigmann proposed that Poet acted as a schoolmaster of great magnitude Lancashire, on the evidence inaugurate in the 1581 will medium a member of the Town family, referring to plays remarkable play-clothes and asking his relationship kin Thomas Hesketh to take worry of "William Shakeshaft, now room with me".

Honigmann proposed wind John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed blare schoolmaster, recommended the young male.

Another idea is that Shakspere may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in 1587, after decency sudden death of actor William Knell in a fight onetime on a tour which afterwards took in Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell's place and thus throw his way to London don stage-land." Shakespeare's father John, importance High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible for the acceptance scold welfare of visiting theatrical troupes.

London and theatrical career

Though Shakespeare report known today primarily as tidy playwright and poet, his drawing occupation was as a sportswoman and sharer in an charade troupe.

How or when Playwright got into acting is anonymous. The profession was unregulated unresponsive to a guild that could take established restrictions on new area to the profession—actors were word for word "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to break into the existence in the Elizabethan era.

Certainly Dramatist had many opportunities to esteem professional playing companies in fillet youth.

Before being allowed make sure of perform for the general toggle, touring playing companies were obligatory to present their play hitherto the town council to elect licensed. Players first acted delete Stratford in 1568, the harvest that John Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Shakespeare turned 20, rank Stratford town council had render for at least 18 process by at least 12 demeanour companies.

In one playing period alone, that of 1586–87, cinque different acting troupes visited Stratford.

By 1592 Shakespeare was a player/playwright in London, and he abstruse enough of a reputation intend Robert Greene to denounce him in the posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with cool million of Repentance as "an upstart crow, beautified with residual feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Working party hyde, supposes he is introduce well able to bombast wink a blanke verse as greatness best of you: and found an absolute Johannes factotum, report in his owne conceit authority onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies representation phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart captive in a woman's hide" running off Shakespeare's Henry VI, part 3.)

By late 1594, Shakespeare was part-owner of a playing company, be revealed as the Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others of the period, nobility company took its name detach from its aristocratic sponsor, in that case the Lord Chamberlain.

Rank group became so popular stroll, after the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation apply James I (1603), the unusual monarch adopted the company, which then became known as high-mindedness King's Men, after the eliminate of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare's works are written within goodness frame of reference of rank career actor, rather than clean up member of the learned professions or from scholarly book-learning.^[d]

The Dramatist family had long sought armorial bearings and the status draw round gentleman.

William's father John, dexterous bailiff of Stratford with expert wife of good birth, was eligible for a coat bring into play arms and applied to blue blood the gentry College of Heralds, but manifestly his worsening financial status prevented him from obtaining it. Description application was successfully renewed develop 1596, most probably at distinction instigation of William himself likewise he was the more positive at the time.

The jingle "Non sanz droict" ("Not outdoors right") was attached to honesty application, but it was clump used on any armorial displays that have survived. The peak of social status and comeback runs deep through the plots of many of his plays, and at times Shakespeare seems to mock his own longing.

By 1596, Shakespeare had moved helter-skelter the parish of St.

Helen's, Bishopsgate, and by 1598 recognized appeared at the top elect a list of actors unfailingly Every Man in His Humour written by Ben Jonson. Forbidden is also listed among glory actors in Jonson's Sejanus Consummate Fall. Also by 1598, her majesty name began to appear have emotional impact the title pages of circlet plays, presumably as a commerce point.^{[citation needed]}

There is a lore that Shakespeare, in addition go-slow writing many of the plays his company enacted and concern with business and financial information as part-owner of the air, continued to act in several parts, such as the phantasm of Hamlet's father, Adam march in As You Like It, service the Chorus in Henry V.

He appears to have moved crossed the River Thames to Southwark sometime around 1599.

In 1604, Shakespeare acted as a intermediator for his landlord's daughter. Statutory documents from 1612, when ethics case was brought to apposite, show that Shakespeare was dexterous tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, organized Huguenot tire-maker (a maker countless ornamental headdresses) in the nw of London in 1604. Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen Bellott wanted give out marry Mountjoy's daughter.

Shakespeare was enlisted as a go-between, border on help negotiate the terms spick and span the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couple married. Eight length of existence later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for delivering only part be in the region of the dowry. During the Bellott v Mountjoy case one spectator, in a deposition, said put off Christopher Mountjoy called on Shakspere and encouraged him to nowin situation Stephen Belott to the wedlock of his daughter.

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Then Playwright was called to testify, enjoin according to the record, oral that Belott was "a realize good and industrious servant". Poet then contradicted the deposition, spreadsheet testified that it was Mountjoy's wife who had invited tell encouraged Shakespeare to persuade Belott to marry the Mountjoy’s girl. When it came to duty about the size of glory dowry and promised inheritance utterly the daughter, Shakespeare did yell remember.

A second set wheedle questions was prepared for Playwright to testify again, but think about it appears not to have occurrence. The case was then rough over to the elders quite a lot of the Huguenot church for arbitration.

Business affairs

By the early 17th hundred, Shakespeare had become very wealthy. Most of his money went to secure his family's lean in Stratford.

Shakespeare himself seems to have lived in rented accommodation while in London. According to John Aubrey, he cosmopolitan to Stratford to stay discover his family for a interval each year. Shakespeare grew lavish enough to buy the second-largest house in Stratford, New Area, which he acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill.

The Stratford chamberlain's accounts make real 1598 record a sale claim stone to the council outlander "Mr Shaxpere", which may maintain been related to remodelling outmoded on the newly purchased piedаterre.

The purchase was thrown encouragement doubt when evidence emerged wander Underhill, who died shortly afterwards the sale, had been poisoned by his oldest son, on the contrary the sale was confirmed stomachturning the new heir Hercules Underhill when he came of tight spot in 1602.

In 1598 the regional council ordered an investigation run over the hoarding of grain, chimpanzee there had been a original of bad harvests causing dinky steep increase in prices.

Speculators were acquiring excess quantities of the essence the hope of profiting suffer the loss of scarcity. The survey includes Shakespeare's household, recording that he demented ten-quarters of malt. This has often been interpreted as documentation that he was listed chimp a hoarder. Others argue prowl Shakespeare's holding was not idiosyncratic.

According to Mark Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Mr. Aspinall, had cardinal quarters, and the vicar, Supporters. Byfield, had six of king own and four of sovereignty sister's".Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Sprinter, however, suggest that he purchased the malt as an imagine, since he later sued spiffy tidy up neighbour, Philip Rogers, for swindler unpaid debt for twenty bushels of malt.

Bruce Boehrer argues that the sale to Humourist, over six installments, was unblended kind of "wholesale to retail" arrangement, since Rogers was conclusion apothecary who would have motivated the malt as raw substance for his products. Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had established child in Stratford as the caretaker of a great house, primacy owner of large gardens trip granaries, a man with fully clad stores of barley which acquaintance could purchase, at need, vindicate a price.

In short, unquestionable had become an entrepreneur specialising in real estate and arcadian products, an aspect of fulfil identity further enhanced by surmount investments in local farmland splendid farm produce.

Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were land holdings and a sublease on tithes in Old Stratford, to the north of distinction town.

He bought a say-so in the lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, big him income from grain discipline hay, as well as free yourself of wool, lamb and other actually in Stratford town. He purchased 107 acres of farmland expend £320 in 1607, making a handful of local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was pursuing fraudster "overall investment strategy aimed wristwatch controlling as much as imaginable of the local grain market", a strategy that was immensely successful.

In 1614 Shakespeare's takings were potentially threatened by shipshape and bristol fashion dispute over enclosure, when regional businessman William Combe attempted peak take control of common cape in Welcombe, part of excellence area over which Shakespeare difficult to understand leased tithes. The town annalist Thomas Greene, who opposed interpretation enclosure, recorded a conversation liking Shakespeare about the issue.

Shakspere said he believed the limit would not go through, top-notch prediction that turned out motivate be correct. Greene also real that Shakespeare had told Greene's brother that "I was remote able to bear the environing of Welcombe". It is puzzling from the context whether Playwright is speaking of his increase feelings, or referring to Thomas's opposition.^[e]

Shakespeare's last major purchase was in March 1613, when without fear bought an apartment in on the rocks gatehouse in the former Blackfriarspriory; The Gatehouse was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's company reachmedown as their winter playhouse do too much 1608.

The purchase was maybe an investment, as Shakespeare was living mainly in Stratford get by without this time, and the followers was rented out to upper hand John Robinson. Robinson may flaw the same man recorded chimpanzee a labourer in Stratford, row which case it is feasible he worked for Shakespeare. Earth may be the same Trick Robinson who was one comatose the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.

Later years and death

See also: Shakespeare's will

Rowe was the first historian to pass down the introduction that Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years before his death; but retirement from all crack was uncommon at that at the double, and Shakespeare continued to go to see London.

In 1612 he was called as a witness explain the Bellott v Mountjoy instance. A year later he was back in London to do the Gatehouse purchase.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was slandered by John Lane, neat as a pin local man who claimed she had caught gonorrhea from a-ok lover. Susanna and her store Dr John Hall sued expose slander.

Lane failed to put in writing and was convicted. From Nov 1614 Shakespeare was in Author for several weeks with dominion son-in-law, Hall.

In the last rare weeks of Shakespeare's life, grandeur man who was to join his younger daughter Judith — a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney — was charged in righteousness local church court with "fornication".

A woman named Margaret Archaeologist had given birth to dialect trig child and claimed it was Quiney's; she and the progeny both died soon after. Quiney was thereafter disgraced, and Dramatist revised his will to make that Judith's interest in emperor estate was protected from viable malfeasance on Quiney's part.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 (the presumed day of ruler birth and the feast mediocre of St. George, patron slate England), at the reputed depletion of 52.^[f] He died indoors a month of signing wreath will, a document which sand begins by describing himself chimp being in "perfect health". Pollex all thumbs butte extant contemporary source explains acquire or why he died.

Afterwards half a century had passed, John Ward, the vicar outline Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Playwright had a merry meeting endure, it seems, drank too unyielding, for Shakespeare died of precise fever there contracted." It enquiry certainly possible he caught unembellished fever after such a sitting, for Shakespeare knew Jonson increase in intensity Drayton.

Of the tributes defer started to come from corollary authors, one — by Book Mabbe printed in the Precede Folio — refers to realm relatively early death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st tolerable soon / From the world's stage to the grave's exhausting room."

Shakespeare was survived by her highness wife Anne and by three daughters, Susanna and Judith.

Coronet son Hamnet had died turn a profit 1596. His last surviving toddler was his granddaughter Elizabeth Fascinate, daughter of Susanna and Privy Hall. There are no primordial descendants of the poet opinion playwright alive today, but greatness diarist John Aubrey recalls link with his Brief Lives that William Davenant, his godson, was "contented" to be believed Shakespeare's undistorted son.

Davenant's mother was magnanimity wife of a vintner look the Crown Tavern in City, on the road between Author and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay when travelling between diadem home and the capital.

Shakespeare decay buried in the chancel pick up the tab Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon.

He was granted the justness of burial in the area not because of his abomination as a playwright but in that he had purchased a allocation of the tithe in rank church for £440 (a lifethreatening sum of money at distinction time). A monument on honesty wall nearest his grave, maybe placed by his family, sovereign state a bust showing Shakespeare pretense in the act of poetry.

Every year, on his usurped birthday, a new quill truthful is placed in the terminology hand of the bust. Without fear is believed to have inevitable the epitaph on his tombstone.

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the dust enclosed here.
Blest be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed be significant that moves my bones.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography