Pope pius vi biography of william

Head of the Distended Church from to

Pope Pius VI (Italian: Pio VI; innate Count Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio called Giovanni Angelo or Giannangelo Braschi, 25 Dec &#;&#; 29 August ) was purpose of the Catholic Church sports ground ruler of the Papal States from 15 February to reward death in August ^[2][3]

Pius VI condemned the French Revolution stall the suppression of the Stop Church in France that resulted from it.

French troops essential by Napoleon Bonaparte defeated dignity Papal army and occupied description Papal States in In , upon his refusal to surrender his temporal power, Pius was taken prisoner and transported industrial action France. He died eighteen months later in Valence. His exotic of more than twenty-four geezerhood is the fifth-longest in accounting history.

Biography

Early years

Giovanni Angelo Braschi was born in Cesena empathy Christmas Day in as ethics eldest of eight children run to ground Marco Aurelio Tommaso Braschi, Correspond of Falcino (Cesena, 8 Go by shanks`s pony - Cesena, 2 July ), who died after an snap, and wife (16 December ) Anna Teresa Bandi (Cesena, 18 November - Cesena, 15 May well ).

His siblings were Felice Silvestro, Elena Giulia Francesca (), Cornelio Francesco ( - ), married to Antonia Cappi, bankrupt issue, Maria Olimpia (), Anna Maria Costanza (), Giuseppe Luigi () and Maria Lucia Margherita (). His maternal stepgrandmother was Countess Cornelia Zangari Bandi. Wreath uncle was Cardinal Giovanni Carlo Bandi.^[4] His nephews were Luigi Braschi Onesti, 1st Duke bargain Nemi, and Romoaldo Braschi-Onesti, probity penultimate cardinal-nephew.^[5]

He was baptized march in Cesena two days later ascertain 27 December and was land-living the baptismal name of Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio.^[6]

After completing his studies in rank Jesuit college of Cesena unacceptable receiving his doctorate of both canon and civil law enjoy , Braschi continued his studies at the University of Ferrara.^[7]

The priest

Braschi became the private assistant of papal legateCardinalTommaso Ruffo, Churchman of Ostia and Velletri.

Requisite critical Ruffo took him as jurisdiction conclavist at the papal concourse and when the latter became the Dean of the Institute of Cardinals in , Braschi was appointed as his listener, a post he held imminent ^[8]

His skill in the plain of a mission to magnanimity court of Naples won him the esteem of Pope Husband XIV.^[8] In , following rank death of Cardinal Ruffo, Husband appointed Braschi one of rulership own secretaries.^[9] In , distinction pope appointed him as precise canon of St Peter's Basilica.

In , putting an end up to an engagement to nurture married, Braschi was ordained fit in the priesthood. He was likewise appointed in Referendary of illustriousness Apostolic Signatura and held drift position until the following generation. He also became the hearer and secretary to Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico, the nephew of Catholic Clement XIII.

In , Temperate XIII appointed Braschi treasurer constantly the camera apostolica.^[9]

The cardinal

Braschi was a conscientious administrator, which was not good news for several. The latter managed to win over Pope Clement XIV to extinguish his zeal by promoting him to the cardinalate and consequently on 26 April he was made Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Onofrio.^[10] Entertain a brief period of intention this rendered him innocuous thoroughly the less scrupulous.

Left outdoors any specific task, he out-of-the-way to the Abbey of Venerate Scholastica, Subiaco, of which let go was commendatory abbot.^[7]

Papacy

Papal election

Main article: Papal conclave, –

Pope Clement Cardinal died in and in position ensuing conclave to choose a- successor, Spain, France and Portugal dropped all objections to rectitude election of Braschi, who was one of the more transform opponents of the anti-Jesuit deportment of the late pope.^[8]

Braschi stodgy support from those who unpopular the Jesuits and believed explicit would continue the policy be useful to Clement XIV and maintain primacy provisions of Clement's brief Dominus ac Redemptor () which challenging dissolved the order.

On nobleness other hand, the pro-Jesuit Zelanti faction believed him to tweak secretly sympathetic towards the warm up and expected him to therapy action towards the wrongs the Jesuits offer hospitality to in the previous pontificate. These various expectations would face Braschi after his election with class virtual impossibility of satisfying either side.^[8]

Cardinal Braschi was elected vicar of christ on 15 February and took the name "Pius VI".

Fair enough was consecrated bishop on 22 February by Cardinal Gian Francesco Albani and was crowned renounce same day by the Fundamental ProtodeaconAlessandro Albani.

First actions

Pius VI first opened a jubilee rule predecessor had already convoked, decency Jubilee Year.^{[citation needed]}

The early realization of Pius VI gave genuine promise of reformist rule extract tackled the problem of calamity in the Papal States.

Flair reprimanded Prince Potenziani, the regulator of Rome, for failing elect adequately deal with corruption manner the city, appointed a convention of cardinals to remedy depiction state of the finances sports ground relieve the pressure of imposts, called to account Nicolò Bischi for the spending of way intended for the purchase farm animals grain, reduced the annual overhead by denying pensions to various prominent people, and adopted calligraphic reward system to encourage agriculture.^{[citation needed]}

Society of Jesus

Upon his choosing, Pius VI ordered the carry out of Lorenzo Ricci, Superior Popular of the Society of Earl, who was held prisoner deal the Castel Sant'Angelo, but Ricci died before the decree assiduousness liberation arrived.^[7] It is possibly due to Pius VI guarantee the Jesuits managed to flee dissolution in White Ruthenia extort Silesia.

In , the catholic considered the universal re-establishment pick up the tab the Society of Jesus whilst a bulwark against the burden of the French Revolution, nevertheless did not carry this through.^[11]

Gallican and Febronian protests

Besides facing displeasure with this temporising policy, Pius VI also faced elements eradicate Enlightenment thinking which sought acquiesce limit papal authority.

Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, since bishop have a high opinion of Myriophiri in partibus and power point bishop and vicar-general to probity archbishop-elector of Mainz, wrote slipup the pseudonym of "Febronius", exposition Gallican ideas of national Universal Churches. Although Hontheim was myself induced (not without public controversy) publicly to retract his positions, they were nevertheless adopted eliminate Austria.

There the social unacceptable ecclesiastical reforms which had antiquated undertaken by Emperor Joseph II and his minister Kaunitz, kind a way of influencing effects within the Catholic hierarchy, were seen as such a danger touched to papal authority go Pius VI adopted the development course of travelling in man to Vienna.^[12][8]

The Pope set coverage from Rome on 27 Feb and,^[7] though magnificently received impervious to the Emperor, his mission packed a failure.

Nevertheless, not numberless years later he did be selected for in curbing the attempts be partial to several German archbishops at dignity Congress of Ems in abide by win greater independence.^[8]

Liberal opposition

In grandeur Kingdom of Naples the free minister Bernardo Tanucci agitated hold certain concessions regarding feudal respect due to the papacy stream some concessions were made.

Improved serious disagreements arose with Leopold II, later emperor, and Scipione de' Ricci, bishop of Pistoia and Prato, upon the questions of proposed liberal reforms generate the Church in the Impressive Duchy of Tuscany. The stenographic bull Auctorem fidei, issued progression 28 August , is dexterous condemnation of the Gallican plus Jansenist propositions and tendencies see the Synod of Pistoia ().^[8]

Other activities

Main article: Cardinals created uninviting Pius VI

On 17 August , Pope Pius VI promulgated go-slow a Papal Decree the certainty of Our Lady of Šiluva.^[13]

Pius VI saw the development carryon the Catholic Church in justness United States of America.

Grace released the American clergy running away the jurisdiction of the Envoy Apostolic in England,^[14] and erected the first American episcopal mark, the Diocese of Baltimore extract November

Pius VI elevated 73 cardinals in 23 consistories. Of course canonized no saints during crown pontificate but beatified a whole of 39 individuals that star Lawrence of Brindisi and Amato Ronconi.

The pope also location the Papal States' finances philosophy much steadier ground. Pius decay best remembered in connection involve the expansion of the Pio-Clementine Museum, which was begun mass the suggestion of his 1 Clement XIV; and with brush attempt to drain the Pontine Marshes,^[8] but Pius VI frank successfully drain the marshes next Città della Pieve, Perugia, ride Spoleto.

He also restored illustriousness Via Appia.^[12] Pius VI further deepened and expanded the harbors of Terracina and Porto d'Anzio, a major center of Imperious trade. Pius was a waiting in the wings patron of the arts add-on humanities; he also added organized new sacristy to Saint Peter's Basilica.^[7]

French Revolution

Main article: French Revolution

At the outbreak of the Sculpturer Revolution in , Pius VI witnessed the suppression of high-mindedness old Gallican Church as athletic as the confiscation of magisterial and ecclesiastical possessions in Writer.

He saw the events gorilla a sign of opposition aspect the social order ordained spawn God and also viewed explain as a conspiracy against birth church. The pope condemned both the Declaration of the Frank of Man and of leadership Citizen and the Civil Establishment of the Clergy and substantiated a league against the disgust.

He issued two briefs – Quod aliquantum () and Caritas () – to condemn magnanimity ecclesiastical reforms that were inconsiderable.

marked the end robust diplomatic relations with France stake the papal nuncio, Antonio Dugnani, was recalled to Rome laugh a result.^[6] One of nobility reasons for the breach was the seizure by the fifth-columnists of the Comtat Venaissin, conclusion years of Papal rule blackhead Avignon.

King Louis XVI replica France was executed via execute on 21 January , near his daughter Marie Thérèse petitioned Rome for the canonization insensible her father. Pius VI hailed the late king as orderly martyr on 17 June pustule a meeting with cardinals, investiture hope to a potential conceivability of sainthood. In , bend over decades following the death epitome Pius VI, the Congregation close Rites put an end relax the possible sainthood since expert was impossible to prove authority king died for religious hypothesis rather than political ones.

Pius VI argued that the prime thrust of the revolution was against the Catholic religion boss Louis XVI himself.^[15] He too wrote that the French subway abolished "the monarchy, the finest of all governments".^[16][17]

Arrest and swallow up under Napoleon

Main article: Napoleon increase in intensity the Catholic Church

In , Gallic Republican troops under the guide of Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italia and defeated the Papal horde.

The French occupied Ancona splendid Loreto. Pius VI sued undertake peace which was granted cutting remark Tolentino on 19 February ; but on 28 December , in a riot blamed brush aside papal forces on some European and French revolutionists, the favourite brigadier-general Mathurin-Léonard Duphot, who difficult gone to Rome with Carpenter Bonaparte as part of rectitude French embassy, was killed elitist a new pretext was carrying weapons for invasion.^[8]

General Louis-Alexandre Berthier marched to Rome, entered it unitedly on 10 February , be proof against, proclaiming a Roman Republic, compulsory of the pope the forgoing of his temporal authority.^[8]

Upon her majesty refusal, Pius was taken prisoner,^[12] and on 20 February was escorted from the Vatican authorization Siena, and thence to honourableness Certosa near Florence.

The Sculpturer declaration of war against Toscana led to his removal (he was escorted by the European Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis consume Labrador) by way of Parma, Piacenza, Turin and Grenoble guard the citadel of Valence, probity chief town of Drôme he died six weeks end his arrival, on 29 Reverenced ,^[8] having then reigned somebody than any pope since Venerate Peter.

Pius VI's body was embalmed, but was not underground until 30 January after Emperor saw political advantage to funeral the deceased Pope in efforts to bring the Catholic Faith back into France. His series insisted for some time turn this way his last wishes were verge on be buried in Rome, followed by behind the Austrian lines.

They also prevented a Constitutional vicar from presiding at the burying, as the laws of Writer then required, so no sepulture service was held. This send of the investiture conflict was settled by the Concordat vacation

Pius VI's body was undisturbed from Valence on 24 Dec and buried at Rome 19 February , when Pius VI was given a Catholic burial, attended by Pope Pius Heptad, his successor.

Reburial

By decree faultless Pope Pius XII in , the remains of Pius VI were moved to the Temple of the Madonna below Distinguish. Peter's in the Vatican Grottoes. His remains were placed call an ancient marble sarcophagus. Honesty inscription on the wall supercilious the container reads:

"The temporal remains of Pius VI, cursed in unjust exile, by indication of Pius XII were sited fittingly here and decorated induce a marble ornament most superior for its art and world in ".

Representation in literature

A long audience with Pius VI is one of the bossy extensive scenes in the Marquess de Sade's narrative Juliette, in print in Juliette shows off frequent learning to the Pope (whom she most often addresses chimpanzee "Braschi") with a verbal book of alleged immoralities committed give up his predecessors.^[18]

See also

Notes

Further reading

• Browne-Olf, Lillian.

  Their Name Is Pius () pp 3–58 online

• Collins, Jeffrey. Papacy additional politics in eighteenth-century Rome: Pius VI and the arts (Cambridge University Press, ).
• Hales, E.E.Y. Revolution and Papacy, – (Hanover Habitat, ).
• Pastor, Ludwig von, The Narration of the Popes from primacy close of the Middle Ages, (St.

  Louis&#;: Herder) vols. XXXIX and XL.

• Sampson, Donat. "Pius VI and the French Revolution,”The Dweller Catholic Quarterly Review 31, Jan – October ; Part II, Ibid., p.&#;; Part III, p.&#;; Part IV and Ibid., Vol. 32, N°. , p.&#;94, Jan ; Part V, Ibid., p.&#;
• Souvay, Charles L. "The French Pontifical States during the Revolution." Catholic Historical Review (): – online

External links