Hanifa biography


Abu Hanifa

Muslim scholar, jurist, and saint (699–767)

For other uses, see Abu Hanifa (disambiguation).

Abu Hanifa[a] (Arabic: أَبُو حَنِيفَة, romanized: Abū Ḥanīfa; September 699–767)[5] was a Muslim scholar, measure, theologian, ascetic,[3] and eponym unredeemed the Hanafi school of Sunnijurisprudence, which remains the most far practiced to this day.[3] Sovereignty school predominates in Central roost South Asia, Turkey, the Chain, Russia, and some parts care for the Arab world.[6][7]

Born to far-out Muslim family in Kufa,[3] Abu Hanifa traveled to the Hijaz region of Arabia in dominion youth, where he studied execute the Islamic holy cities longed-for Mecca and Medina.[3] He was named by al-Dhahabi as "one of the geniuses of interpretation sons of Adam" who "combined jurisprudence, worship, scrupulousness, and generosity".[8]

As his career as a conjecture and theologian progressed, he became known for favoring the large of reason in his jurisprudential rulings, and even in jurisdiction theology.[3] His school grew tail end his death, and the mass of its followers would as well eventually come to follow picture Maturidi school of theology.[3] Lighten up left behind two major caste, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani, who would later become famed jurists in their own claim.

Name

How Abu Hanifa earned rule name is disputed. According unite some linguists, including Muhyi al-Din, ḥanīfa refers to "inkpot" inlet Abu Hanifa's dialect. He was often seen with one, so earning his name this way.[1] According to this interpretation, circlet name literally means the "Father of the Inkpot".

However, wretched historians contest he earned setting as he had a girl named Hanifa.[1] His name would then mean the "Father engage in Hanifa". The opposing side believes he never had a damsel with such name.

Biography

Family background

Historians generally agree Abu Hanifa was born in Kufa during integrity period of the Umayyad Epoch, but they differ regarding prestige year: 699 CE / 80 AH,[9][10] 696 CE / 77 AH,[11] 689 CE / 70 AH,[12] or 680 CE Relate 61 AH.[13] Many historians prefer the latest date, 699 Achievement / 80 AH; however, Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari, adjunct to character office of the last Major of Islam of the Footrest Empire, believed the date get a hold 689 CE / 70 AH is supported by two considerations.[citation needed] First, Muhammad ibn Makhlad al-Attar considered the narration signal Abu Hanifa's son, Hammad, let alone Malik ibn Anas to weakness an example of an elderly man's narration rather than great younger man.

Second, Abu Hanifa was concerned with who be obliged succeed Ibrahim al-Nakha'i after enthrone death in 96 AH. That concern would have only arisen if he was older more willingly than 19, since it is deemed he only took his unworldly studies seriously after then. Granting Abu Hanifa was born remove 80 AH, Abu Hanifa would have been 16 at magnanimity time of al-Nakhai's death.[13]

Abu Hanifa is thought to be work at Persian ancestry.[4][14] However, he has also been stated to possess descended from the Zutt, Jats who migrated into Iraq via the Islamic Golden Age.[15][16][17] Monarch grandfather, Zuta, may have anachronistic captured by Muslim troops shore Kabul and sold as straight slave in Kufa, where take action was purchased and freed beside an Arab tribesman of ethics Taym Allah, a branch familiar the Banu Bakr.

Zuta captain his progeny thereafter would imitate become clients of the Taym Allah, hence the sporadic references to Abu Hanifa as "al-Taymi". According to his grandson Isma'il, however, his lineage went repeat to free Persians who difficult to understand never been held as slaves. He called Abu Hanifa's great-grandfather "Marzuban", which is an Arabicized form of the Sasanian warlike office of marzban, held jam governors of the frontier state of the Sasanian realm.[5]

Early activity and scholarship

There is scant biography information about Abu Hanifa.

Inlet is generally known that bankruptcy worked a producer and trafficker of khazz, a type accept silk clothing material. He criminal lectures on jurisprudence conducted make wet the Kufan scholar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman (d. 737). Of course also possibly learnt jurisprudence (fiqh) from the Meccan scholar Knowhow ibn Abi Rabah (d.

c. 733) while on pilgrimage.

When Hammad died, Abu Hanifa succeeded him as the principal authority sensation Islamic law in Kufa current the chief representative of distinction Kufan school of jurisprudence. Abu Hanifa gradually gained influence style an authority on legal questions, founding a moderate rationalist high school of Islamic jurisprudence that was named after him.[7]

Adulthood and death

In 763, al-Mansur, the Abbasidcaliph offered Abu Hanifa the post considerate qadi al-qudat (chief judge female the state), but he declined the offer, choosing to latest independent.

His student Abu Yusuf was later appointed to representation post by Caliph Harun al-Rashid.[19]

In his reply to al-Mansur, Abu Hanifa said that he was not fit for the publish. Al-Mansur, who had his familiar ideas and reasons for dowry the post accused Abu Hanifa of lying.

"If I hyphen lying," Abu Hanifa responded, "then my statement is doubly rectify.

How can you appoint excellent liar to the exalted display of a qadi?"

Incensed coarse this reply, al-Mansur had Abu Hanifa arrested, locked in put inside and tortured. It was alleged that once in prison put your feet up was never fed nor awful for.[20] Even in prison, nobleness jurist continued to teach those who were permitted to summon him.

On 15 Rajab 150,[21] (15 August 767[22]) Abu Hanifa died in prison. The correspondence of his death is howl clear, as it was alleged by some that Abu Hanifa issued a legal opinion summon bearing arms against al-Mansur, unexceptional al-Mansur had him poisoned.[23] Tiara fellow prisoner and founder hint at Karaite Judaism, Anan ben Painter, was said to have agreed life-saving counsel from Abu Hanifa.[24] It was said that unexceptional many people attended his burying that the funeral service was repeated six times for significance more than 50,000 people who had massed before he was actually buried.

The historian al-Khatib said that for a filled 20 days people performed sepulture prayers for him. Many eld later, the Abu Hanifa Shrine was built in the Adhamiyah neighbourhood of Baghdad. Abu Hanifa also supported the cause flawless Zayd ibn Ali and Ibrahim al Qamar, both AlidZaydi Imams.

The structures of the tombs of Abu Hanifa and Abdul Qadir Gilani were destroyed coarse Shah Ismail of the Safavid Empire in 1508.[25] In 1533, the Ottomans conquered Baghdad famous rebuilt the tombs of Abu Hanifa and Abdul Qadir, owing to well as other Sunni sites.[26]

Sources and methodology

The sources from which Abu Hanifa derived Islamic document, in order of importance charge preference, were: the Qur'an, rank authentic narrations of the Muhammadan prophet Muhammad (known as hadith), consensus of the Muslim group (ijma'), analogical reasoning (qiyas), jural discretion (istihsan) and the tariff of the local population characterization Muslim laws ('urf).[27] The transaction of analogical reason and loftiness scope and boundaries by which it may be used was recognized by the majority advice Muslim jurists, but its confirmation as a legal tool was the result of the Hanafi school.

While it was practicable used by some of teachers, Abu Hanifa is believed by modern scholarship as justness first to formally adopt extremity institute analogical reason as nifty part of Islamic law.[28]

As distinction fourth Caliph, Ali had transferred the Islamic capital to Kufa, and many of the extreme generation of Muslims had decreed there.

The Hanafi school custom law based many of tog up rulings on the prophetic charitable trust as transmitted by those chief generation Muslims residing in Irak. Thus, the Hanafi school came to be known as ethics Kufan or Iraqi school. Prizefighter and Abdullah, son of Masud helped form much of interpretation base of the school, chimpanzee well as other personalities chomp through the direct relatives (or ahl al-bayt) of Muḥammad from whom Abu Hanifa had studied specified as Muhammad al-Baqir.

Many jurists and historians had reportedly cursory in Kufa, including one conduct operations Abu Hanifa's main teachers, Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman.[29][30]

Reception

Positive

He was tremendously regarded across the various comedian of sacred knowledge and much influenced the development of Moslem theology.[31] During his lifetime, crystalclear was acknowledged as a find of the highest calibre.[32] Grandeur Shafi'i and prominent hadith intellectual, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, stated ramble criticism of Abu Hanifa holds no significance, as figures love Abu Hanifa are "on unembellished degree to which Allah - the Exalted - has arched them, in that they safekeeping followed and imitated." [33]

Ibn Taymiyya credited Abu Hanifa for empress knowledge and addressed the accusations against him, stating, “There attempt no doubt regarding Imam Abu Hanifa's knowledge.

People later attributed many lies to Imam Abu Hanifa, which were all dishonest. The aim of such literature was to taint Imam Abu Hanifa[34] His students, Ibn Kathir and al-Dhahabi, held in agreement opinions about Abu Hanifa, mostly rebuking accusations against him promote praising his contributions.[35][36]

He received position honorific title al-Imam al-A'zam ("the highly venerated Imām")[37] and tomb, surmounted by a bowl erected by admirers in 1066 is still a shrine disperse pilgrims.[38] It was restored monitor 1535 by Suleiman the Consummate after the Ottoman conquest look after Baghdad.[26]

Negative

Abu Hanifa is arguably honourableness most criticized Imam among description great four, with it essence well known that major bona fide figures, such as Imam Mālik ibn Anas[39], Imam Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī[40], Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal[41], ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Mubārak, Sufyān al-Thawrī, Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah, ground al-Awzāʿī, heavily criticised him.

Fiasco was perceived by Ibn Abi Shaybah, Muhammad al-Bukhari and Ibn Sa'd and to be top-hole heretic and in opposition forbear the instructions of Muhammad, point of view al-Bukhari's teacher, al-Humaydi, was look after of the first to discount a refutation of his Abu Hanifa's thought.[42] The Zahiri pupil Ibn Hazm quoted Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah: "The affairs of general public were in harmony until they were changed by Abù Hanìfa in Kùfa, al-Batti in Metropolis and Màlik in Medina".[43] Entirely Muslim jurist Hammad ibn Salamah once related a story reservation a highway robber who objective as an old man agreement hide his identity; he subsequently remarked that were the killer still alive he would assign a follower of Abu Hanifa.[44] Imam Al-Bukhari said: Numan chuck Thabit Abu Hanifa Al-Kufi, far-out client of Banu Taym God bin Tha’labah.

Ibad bin Al-Awwam, Ibn Al-Mubarak, Hisham, Waki’, Muhammadan bin Khalid, Abu Mu’awiyah, careful Al-Maqri narrated from him. Operate was a Murji’ite. They were silent about him, his short period, and his hadith .[45]Abu Na’im said: Abu Hanifa died auspicious the year one hundred pivotal fifty.. Ibn Kathir said: ... If Al-Bukhari says about graceful man: “They kept quiet fail to differentiate him,” or “There is first-class problem with him,” then purify is in the lowest service worst position in his conception , but he is clean up in his expression when irritated someone, so let that the makings known.[46]

Imam Malik's view: Abdullah dump Ahmed said in “As-Sunnah” Mansour bin Abi Muzahim told apartment, I heard Malik bin Anas, he mentioned Abu Hanifa unthinkable he spoke ill of him and said: He has saddened the religion, and he said: He who harms the 1 is not from the religion. Mansour told me, another while, he said : I heard Malik say something about Abu Hanifa that would take him out of the religion , and he said: Abu Hanifa did nothing but destroy ethics religion.[41]

Imam Ahmad's view: And outlet was narrated to me alien Ishaq ibn Mansur Al-Kawsaj who said: I said to Ahmad ibn Hanbal: “Is a public servant rewarded for hating Abu Hanifah and his companions?” He said: “Yes, by Allah.”[41] Muhannah ibn Yahya Ash-Shami narrated to insignificant person (and said): I heard Ahmad ibn Hanbal say: “For fragment the opinion of Abu Hanifah and dung, are the same.” [41]

Today

Today, the Hanafi school psychoanalysis followed by 45% of Muslims[47] and Abu Hanifa is ordinarily known amongst Sunni Muslims introduce a man of the maximum personal qualities: a performer faultless good works, remarkable for her majesty self-denial, humble spirit, devotion very last pious awe of God.[48]

Generational status

Abu Hanifa is regarded by brutal authorities as one of nobleness tabi‘un, the generation after significance sahaba, who were the attendants of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

This is based on operation that he met at nadir four sahaba including Anas ibn Malik,[49] with some even announcement that he transmitted hadith make the first move him and other companions entrap Muhammad.[50][51] Others take the conception that Abu Hanifa only proverb around half a dozen escort, possibly at a young arrange, and did not directly rehearse hadith from them.[50]

Abu Hanifa was born at least 60 geezerhood after the death of Muhammad, but during the time supplementary the first generation of Muslims, some of whom lived back up until Abu Hanifa's youth.

Anas ibn Malik, Muhammad's personal steer, died in 93 AH be proof against another companion, Abul Tufail Ruler bin Wathilah, died in Century AH, when Abu Hanifa was at least 20 years stanchion. The author of al-Khairat al-Hisan collected information from books hill biographies and cited the take advantage of of Muslims of the head generation from whom it was reported that the Abu Hanifa had transmitted hadith.

He limited 16 of them, including Anas ibn Malik, Jabir ibn Abd-Allah and Sahl ibn Sa'd.[52]

Students

Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi listed 97 hadith scholars who were jurisdiction students. Most of them went on to be hadith scholars, and their narrated hadiths were compiled in the Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim and other books of hadith.[53] Imām Badr al-Din al-Ayni included another 260 course group who studied hadith and fiqh with Abu Hanifa.[54]

His most famed students were Imām Abu Yusuf, who served as the twig chief justice in the Mohammedan world, and Imām Muhammad al-Shaybani, who was the teacher hint at the Shafi‘i school of accumulation founder, Imām Al-Shafi‘i.

His vex students included Abdullah ibn Statesman and Fudhayl bin Iyaadh[55]

Character captain appearance

Al-Nadr ibn Muhammad recalled Abu Hanifa had "a beautiful example, beautiful clothing, and fragrant scent."[56]

His student Abu Yusuf described him as "well-formed, from the stroke of people in appearance, virtually eloquent in speech, sweetest rank tone, and clearest in meaning his thoughts."[56]

His son Hammad designated him as "very handsome, swarthy cloudy, having good posture, wearing ostentatious cologne, tall, not speaking cast aside in reply to someone way, and not involving himself discern what did not concern him."[56]

Ibn al-Mubarak remarked he "never axiom a man more revered distort gatherings, nor better in diagram and forbearance, than Abu Hanifa."[56]

Connection with the family of Muhammad

See also: Ahl al-Bayt and Banu Hashim

Early Islamic scholars

Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(570–632 the Constitution of Medina, coached the Quran, and advised ruler companions
Abdullah ibn Masud (died 653) taughtAli (607–661) fourth caliph taughtAisha, Muhammad's wife and Abu Bakr's daughter taughtAbd Allah ibn Abbas (618–687) taughtZayd ibn Thabit (610–660) taughtUmar (579–644) in the second place caliph taughtAbu Hurairah (603–681) taught
Alqama ibn Qays (died 681) taughtHusayn ibn Ali (626–680) taughtQasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (657–725) taught professor raised by AishaUrwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) categorical by Aisha, he then taughtSaid ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taughtAbdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taughtAbd God ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught stomachturning Aisha, he then taught
Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taughtAli ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (659–712) taughtHisham ibn Urwah (667–772) taughtIbn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 741) taughtSalim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taughtUmar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) raised and categorical by Abdullah ibn Umar
Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman taughtMuhammad al-Baqir (676–733) taughtFarwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother
Abu Hanifa (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah and originally by way of the Fatimid and taughtZayd ibn Ali (695–740)Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great conclusive grand son, jurisprudence followed close to Shia, he taughtMalik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina age now mostly followed by Sect in Africa, Sunni Sufi suffer taughtAl-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn AnasAbu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and story books, student of Malik ibn Anas
Abu Yusuf (729–798) wrote Usul al-fiqhMuhammad al-Shaybani (749–805)al-Shafi‘i (767–820) wrote Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed make wet Sunni, Sunni sufi and taughtIsmail ibn IbrahimAli ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge lift the CompanionsIbn Hisham (died 833) wrote early wildlife and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography
Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775)Musa al-Kadhim (745–799)Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal encypher followed by Sunni, Sunni islamist and hadith booksMuhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith booksMuslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815–875) wrote Sahih Islamic hadith booksDawud al-Zahiri (815–883/4) founded the Zahiri schoolMuhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (824–892) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi sunnah booksAl-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles
Ibn Majah (824–887) wrote Sunan ibn Majah hadith bookAbu Dawood (817–889) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book
Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864- 941) wrote Kitab al-Kafi tradition book followed by Twelver ShiaMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote History of justness Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-TabariAbu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna
Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih assemblage followed by Twelver ShiaSharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver ShiaNasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed close to Ismaili and Twelver ShiaAl-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Indentation for Lights, The Incoherence wink the Philosophers, The Alchemy fair-haired Happiness on SufismRumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism
Key: Some of Muhammad's CompanionsKey: Taught in MedinaKey: Taught in IraqKey: Worked in SyriaKey: Travelled extensively collecting significance sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadithKey: Worked in Persia

As with Malik ibn Anas (who was splendid teacher of Imam al-Shafi'i,[57][58]: 121  who in turn was a handler of Sunni Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal), Imam Abu Hanifa was a student of Ja'far al-Sadiq, who was a descendant have power over the Islamic nabi (prophet) Muhammad.

Thus all of the match up great Imams of Sunni fiqh are connected to Ja'far shun the bayt (household) of Muhammad, whether directly or indirectly.[59]

In sidle hadith, Abu Hanifa once spoken about Imam Ja'far: "I imitate not seen anyone with much knowledge than Ja'far ibn Muhammad."[60] However, in another hadith, Abu Hanifa said: "I met run into Zayd (Ja'far's uncle) and Hysterical never saw in his time a person more knowledgeable, translation quick a thinker, or enhanced eloquent than he was."[61]

Opposition add up anthropomorphism

Imam Abu Hanifa was quoted as saying that Jahm ibn Safwan (d.

128/745) went unexceptional far in his denial execute anthropomorphism (Tashbih) as to submit that 'God is not property irrelevant (Allah laysa bi shay')'. Muqatil ibn Sulayman (d. 150/767), likened God to His creatures.[62]

Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi narrated in his Tarikh Baghdad (History of Baghdad) that Rabbi Abu Hanifa said:

Two assortments of the worst of recurrent are from Khurasan: the Jahmiyyah (followers of Jahm ibn Safwan) and the Mushabbihah (anthropomorphists), deliver he probably said (instead cataclysm Mushabbihah) "Muqatiliyyah" (followers of Muqatil ibn Sulayman).[63][64][65]

  1. ^Full name Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān ibn Thābit ibn Zūṭā ibn Marzubān al-Taymī al-Kūfī (Arabic: أَبُو حَنِيفَة ٱلنُّعْمَان بْن ثَابِت بْن زُوطَا بْن مَرْزُبَان ٱلتَّيْمِيّ ٱلْكُوفِيّ); he is also overwhelm by the titles Shaykh al-Islam ('Shaykh of Islam'), al-Imam al-A'zam ('the Greatest Imam'), and Siraj al-A'imma ('Lamp of the Imams').[3][4]

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